WCDMA Radio Network Coverage

Planning

1.0

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

 Objects

After completing this course, you should be

able to learn :

 Content and flow of network planning

 Uplink budget and the meaning of its elements
 Downlink budget and the meaning of its elements
 Coverage enhancement technology

Internal Use
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning

Flow

Chapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink Budget

Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement

Technology

Training.huawei.com
Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget

Internal Use
WCDMA Network Planning Flow

 Section 1 Concept of Huawei

Radio Network Planning

 Section 2 Radio Network

Planning Flow

Internal Use
 Concept of Huawei Radio Network Planning

Minimizing integrated network construction cost

 Radio network planning construction runs through the entire lifetime of the
network. Early planning must consider demands for the subsequent
development to reduce integrated network construction cost.

Optimizing profitable service coverage

 3G networks feature multiple service. Network resources should be allocated
among services. Therefore, it is necessary to determine which service is
profitable and its requirements for coverage quality, as well as plan cell
radius and coverage schemes. During the early 3G network construction,
targeting at high speed data service will waste lots of resources (such as too
many sites) because there is no enough services.

Internal Use
 Concept of Huawei Radio Network Planning

Maximizing resource capacity

 The capacity of 3G radio networks is mainly restricted by interference. Reasonable
parameter planning can reduce interference within and between cells, increase cell
capacity and utilize limited resources to the greatest extent. Huawei realize reliable and
efficient power control and radio resource management algorithm with a variety of actual
test data and advanced simulation means, which are verified in many customer pilots
globally. Besides, Huawei accumulates abundant experience.

Optimizing core service quality

 Core services have an long-term effect on network development. Although they cannot
make a profit in the short term, they can attract users and speed up service
development, such as high speed data service. Therefore, optimize the quality of core
service coverage in areas where it is available so as to present superiority of 3G radio
network in service and performance and improve the operator’s brand.

Internal Use
WCDMA Network Planning Flow

 Section 1 Concept of Huawei

Radio Network Planning

 Section 2 Radio Network Planning

Flow

Internal Use
 Overview of Radio Network Planning Flow

 Radio Network Dimension

 Perform initial planning for future networks at the early project planning.
Output the configuration and dimensioning of RAN NEs for early
communication of projects and cost estimation in the process of making a
contract.

 Radio Network Preplanning

 In the middle-stage project planning, perform farther detailed planning for
future networks based on Dimension output to determine more precise
network dimensioning and theoretical site location. Output preplanning
reports for project communication at the middle stage and cost estimation
in the process of signing a contract.

Internal Use
 Overview of Radio Network Planning Flow

 Radio network cell planning

 In the later project planning, survey and verify all selected site on the
spot to determine cell engineering parameters related to various types
of network planning for engineering construction, according to outputs
of preplanning. If they are greatly different from preplanning results, it is
still required to verify cell parameters setting and planning effects
through simulation. The output report is the final radio network planning
scheme to guide engineering construction.

Internal Use
 Internal Use
Overview of Radio Network Planning Flow

Radio network cell planning

Input information Output information
Relationship among various flows

Ÿ Coverage objectives
Ÿ Site position
Ÿ Search radius ŸEngineering parameters
Radio network preplanning
Input information Output information
ŸDimension result ŸTheoretical site
Ÿ Spare site ŸSearch radius
Radio network estimation
Input information
： Output information
：
ŸObjectives of network
construction ŸBS configuration
Cost of network
Ÿconstruction Ÿ BS numbers
 Radio Network Dimension

 Radio network Dimension is a simplified analysis of future

networks.
 Purposes:
 Acquire the network construction dimensioning (including BSs and BS
configuration).
 Acquire construction cycle, economic cost and human resources cost
estimation.
 Methods:
Select a proper propagation model, user mobility, distribution behavior,
and traffic model.
 Estimate sites, cells, coverage area and capacity roughly required.

Internal Use
 Radio Network Dimension

Input Output
 Coverage related  System dimensioning
 Coverage area  Number of sites
 Coverage  System configuration
probability  Sector
 Capacity related structure
 Traffic model Coverage design  Number of
 Service model carriers
 User density  Cost on network
construction
 Quality related
 QoS requirements
 Site cost
 GoS requirements
 Equipment cost
 Demodulation
threshold Capacity design

Internal Use
 Radio Network Preplanning

 Based on network estimation, network preplanning further determines the

following parameters, including BS initial layout, BS theoretical location, BS
location , antenna installation (height), network architecture, transmit power,
antenna type, mounted height, direction and downtilt, transmit power and
orthogonal factor of common and traffic channels, as well as cell scramble.

Coverage range under BS

an unloaded condition

Coverage range under

a lightly-loaded condition

Coverage range under

a heavily-loaded condition

Internal Use
 Radio Network Cell Planning

 Cell planning flow

Radio network
preplanning report
Yes
Radio network
preplanning
report Output Search
Site list Rings

Noise test Site survey

New site or not
Obtain spare
2G site or not No (name prefix)
） site
NewSite
Site survey report
Yes
No

Confirm site
conditions No Site survey
Noise test report Site selection N or not

No

System
simulation
Yes Site survey report

Meet design
objectives or not Meet site
Noise test Noise test report requirements
or not

Radio network
Yes
planning report

Internal Use
Review Questions

1. How many processes are there in radio network

planning?
2. What is the concept of Huawei radio network
planning?
3. What is radio network preplanning oriented to?
4. What are output from radio network estimation?

Internal Use
 Summary

This chapter introduces:

 Category of radio network planning
 Concept of Huawei radio network planning
 Difference between GSM and WCDMA radio network planning
 Main flows of radio network planning
 Input and output requirements for radio network preplanning

Internal Use
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Flow

Chapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink Budget

Chapter 4 Coverage enhancement

Technology

Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget

Training.huawei.com

Internal Use
 Capacity-Coverage-Quality

 Relationship among WCDAM capacity, coverage and quality

 Since the WCDMA system is self-interference, capacity,
coverage and quality are closely related.
 Capacity-coverage

 When the design load increases, capacity and

interference increase but coverage decrease.
 Capacity-quality
Improve system capacity by decreasing quality
requirements for parts of connections.
 Coverage-quality
Improve coverage capability by decreasing quality
requirements for parts of connections.

Internal Use
 Coverage Dimension Flow

 Planning area environment

correlation
Create link budget
 Site capacity
Max. path loss
 Indoor coverage degree
 Coverage probability
Obtain cell radius
 Propagation model
 Equipment performance
Min. cell radius

Calculate site area

Max. site coverage

area

Specify area sites

Required sites=Planning area/site coverage area

Internal Use
 Basic Principle of Uplink Budget

 Link budget:
NodeB Ga_BS
Pout_BS Estimate system
TX
Lf_BS coverage capacity
Lc_BS
Combined to acquire the
duplexer Feeder
maximum

PL
_D
propagation loss

PL

L
RX

_
the link allowed

UL
under a certain
communication
Ga_UE quality by observing
UE
various factors
Shadow fading
Pout_UE
TX marginMf affecting forward
and reverse signal
Combined
duplexer
propagation of the
Building
Body loss Lb system.
Lp
penetration loss
RX

Internal Use
Algorithm Introduction

Uplink (Reverse)
PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE –Lf_BS+Ga_SHO
–Mpc– Mf – MI – Lp – Lb – S_BS
 PL_DL: downlink maximum propagation loss
 Pout_UE: maximum transmit power of BS traffic channel
 Lf_BS: feeder loss
 Ga_BS: BS antenna gain; Ga_UE: UE antenna gain
 Ga_SHO: soft handoff gain
 Mpc: fast power control margin
 Mf: slow fading margin (related to propagation environment)
 MI: interference margin (related to system design capacity)
 Lp: penetration loss of building (used when indoor coverage is
required)
 Lb: body loss
 S_BS: sensitivity of the receiver (related to service and multipath
conditions)
Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

1. Max Power of TCH

13. Margin for Background Noise
2. Body Loss 14. SHO Gain over Fast Fading
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna 15. Fast Fading Margin
4. EIRP 16. Minimum Signal Strength Required
17. Penetration Loss
5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna
18. Std. dev. of Slow Fading
6. Cable Loss 19. Edge coverage Probability
7. Noise Figure (BS) 20. Slow Fading Margin
8. EbvsNo Required (BS) 21. SHO Gain over Slow Fading

9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver
10. UL Cell Loading
11. Interference Margin
12. Background Noise Level

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

1. Max Power of TCH (dBm)

 The maximum transmit power of the UE on each TCH usually refers to
the rated total transmit power. In commercial networks, reasonably set
this parameter during link budget, according to specifications on main
commercial UEs on the market and operator’s suggestions

Power level of UE （ TS 25.101 v3.7.0 （ 2001-06 ） 6.2.1

Power Class Nominal maximum output Tolerance

power

1 +33dBm +1/-3dB

2 +27dBm +1/-3dB

3 +24dBm +1/-3dB

4 +21dBm +2/-2dB

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

2. Body Loss (dB)

 Body loss for speech services is 3dB.
 Body loss for data services is 0dB because data services are
mainly read and watched and the UE is faraway from the human
body.

3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)

 Usually suppose the antenna gain of the UE is 0dBi (receiving
and transmitting are the same)

4. EIRP (dBm)
 UE EIRP (dBm)
= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB)
+ Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)

Kathrein 741794 Kathrein 741790

Frequency range 1710~2170MHz (dual band Frequency range 1920~2170MHz

for DCS and UMTS)
Polarization Vertical

Gain 11dBi
Polarization +45○, -45○
HPBW Vertical: 7○
Gain 18.5dBi
Electrical tilt Fixed, 0○
HPBW (1920~2170MHz) Horizontal: 63○
Vertical:6.5○ Dimension (Height) 1387 mm

Weight 5kg
Electrical tilt Fixed, 2○

Side lobe suppression for 1st side >14dB

lobe above horizon

Front-to-back ratio, co-polar >30dB

Dimension (Height / Width / Depth) 1302 mm / 155 mm / 69

mm

Weight 6.6kg

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

6. Cable Loss (dB)

 Include loss of all feeders and
connectors between set top and
antenna connector
 Bottom jumper
 Connector
 Cable
 Top jumper
 Etc.
 Loss except for cable loss is
relatively fixed. Suppose the loss
of the 0.8dB cable is about 2GHz.
 7/8-inch cable 6.1dB / 100m
 5/4-inch cable 4.5dB / 100m

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

7. Noise Figure (dB)

 Noise figure is an index to evaluate whether noise performance of
the amplifier is good. It is expressed by NF and defined as the
ratio of input Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) and output Signal-to-
Noise ratio (SNR) of the amplifier.

NF = SNRi / SNRo
 Floor noise of the receiver (within each bandwidth):
= (Si / Ni) / (So / No)
 PN = K×T×BW×NF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

8. EbvsNo Required (dB)

 It is obtained through link simulation, related to the following
factors:
 Receive diversity configuration
 Multipath channel conditions
 Bearer type

9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)

 Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz)

+ EbvsNo required (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

10. Uplink Cell Loading

N N
1
ηUL = (1 +i ) ⋅ ∑L j = (1 +i ) ⋅ ∑
1 W 1
1 1
1+ ⋅ ⋅
( EbvsNo )j Rj vj
 Uplink load factor is an index of cell uplink load level.
 The higher the load factor is, the greater the uplink interference
is.
 Uplink interference increases to an infinite value and the
corresponding capacity is called limit capacity when uplink load
nears 10%.

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

11. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)

I TOT 1 1
NoiseRise = = =
PN N
1 − ηUL
1− ∑ Lj
1

50% load — 3dB

60% load— 4dB
75% load ---6dB

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

12. Background Noise Level (dBm)

 Source of external electromagnetic interference:

 Radio transmitter （ GSM, microwave, radar and

TV station…)
Autocar ignition
Lightning
…
 Relevant reports show that average electromagnetic
interference is -104dBm and the standard deviation is 2.9dB
in 2GHz frequency band.
 Estimate interference level of a specific planning area with a
noise test.

Internal Use
WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

13. Margin for Background Noise (dB)

 Suppose the noise floor of equipment (NodeB or UE) is X
dBm and external interference power is Y dBm, external
interference margin should be:
 Margin for Background Noise =
10log (10^(X /10 )+ 10^(Y /10 )) dBm- X dBm

Internal Use
WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

14. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)

 SHO gain consists of the following two parts:
 Gain resulting from decreased demands for slow
fading margin due to multiple irrelated SHO
branches － multi-cell gain
SHO gain over link demodulation performance －
macro diversity combining gain
 SHO gain over fast fading refers to macro diversity combining
gain.
 Obtain this value through simulation and the typical value is
1.5dB.

Internal Use
WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

15. Fast Fading Margin (dB)

 In the link budget, the required demodulation performance of the
receiver is estimated by the link-level simulation with the assumption
of perfect power control. In the actual system, however, introduce
imperfect factors to closed loop power control since transmit power at
the transmitting end is limited.
 Effect of power control margin on uplink demodulation
performance:
 The simulation result shows: EbvsNo target value set by
outer loop power control nears the estimated value under
perfect power control when HeadRoom is large. EbvsNo
increases gradually with the decrease in power margin.
Finally, the corresponding EbvsNo increases by 1dB
when power margin decreases by 1dB. It is impossible to
guarantee demands for BER/BLER when there is almost
no power control performance.

Internal Use
WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

16. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)

 Demodulate required signal strength correctly after
considering various interference factors and performance
deterioration factors － can be understood as the
sensitivity of the receiver in the running of actual
networks.
 Minimum Signal Strength Required
= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)
+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)
+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain over fast
fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)

Internal Use
WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

17. Penetration Loss (dB)

 Indoor penetration loss is the difference of average signal
strength outside the exterior wall close to the building and
that on the first floor of the building.
 Penetration loss is related to the specific building type and
reference angle of electric wave. Suppose penetration loss
follows logarithmic normal distribution in the link budget,
adopt average value and standard deviation of penetration
loss (logarithmic value).
 Realize better indoor coverage adopting specific indoor
coverage solutions instead of outdoor BS.
 During actual commercial network construction, penetration
loss margin is uniformly specified by operators to compare
planning results of various manufacturers.

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

18. Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)

 Calculating standard deviation of indoor slow fading:
 Suppose the standard deviation of outdoor path
loss and penetration loss is XdB and YdB
respectively, the standard deviation of path loss of
indoor users is sqrt (X^2 + Y^2 )

Internal Use
WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

19. Edge coverage Probability

 If the UE transmit power reaches the largest but path loss still
cannot be overcome, this link is disconnected when the lowest
received level is realized.
 For the UE d away from the BS , its link interruption probability is:

Pr_ outage ( d ) =Pr{ Pmax _ UE −PL ( d ) <S min }

=Pr{ Pmax _ UE −10 γ lg( d ) −ξ <S min }
=Pr{ Pmax _ UE −S min −10 γ lg( d ) <ξ}
=Pr{ ρ( d ) <ξ}
 ρ(d) = Pmax_UE – S_min – 10γlg(d) ， it is physically the
difference between the average value of path loss of the UE d
away the BS and maximum path loss allowed to remain
connection.
 Its average value takes zero and standard deviation takes σ to
obey slow fading margin in logarithmic normal distribution.

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

20. Slow Fading Margin (dB)

 Core content: logarithmic normal distribution

SF( x, σ) := dnorm( x, 0 , σ) SF_M( x, σ) := pnorm( x, 0 , σ)

1
0.9

0.06 0.8
0.7
SF( x, 8) SF_M( x, 8) 0.6
SF( x, 10) 0.04 SF_M( x, 10) 0.5
SF( x, 12) SF_M( x, 12) 0.4

0.3
0.02
0.2
0.1

0 0
30 20 10 0 10 20 30 20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 20
x x

 Slow Fading Margin (dB)

= NORMSINV (Edge Coverage Probability)× Std. dev. of
Slow Fading (dB)

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

21. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

 As stated in the previous slide, SHO gain consists of the
following two parts:
 Gain resulting from decreased demands for slow
fading margin due to multiple irrelated SHO
branches － multi-cell gain
SHO gain over link demodulation performance －
macro diversity combining gain

 SHO gain over slow fading refers to multi-cell gain.

 Acquire this value through simulation.

Internal Use
 WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

 Summary: cell edge path loss

 Based on maximum path loss the link allows, calculate

mid-value of path loss at the cell edge, considering Slow
Fading Margin, SHO gain and Penetration Loss in the
case of indoor coverage required to meet a certain
edge/area coverage probability.
 Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength
Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading
Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

Internal Use
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Flow

Chapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink Budget

Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement

Technology

Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget

Training.huawei.com

Internal Use
 Basic Principle of Downlink Budget

 Link budget:
NodeB Ga_BS
Pout_BS
Estimate system
TX
Lf_BS coverage capacity
Lc_BS
to acquire the
Combined Feeder
duplexer maximum

PL
_D
propagation loss the

PL

L
RX

_
link allowed under a

UL
certain
communication
Ga_UE quality by observing
UE various factors
Slow fading
Pout_UE affecting forward
TX margin Mf
and reverse signal
Combined propagation of the
duplexer
Body loss Lb
Penetration loss system.
of the buildingLp

RX

Internal Use
Algorithm Introduction

Downlink (Forward)
PL_DL=Pout_BS – Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO
–Mpc– Mf – MI – Lp – Lb – S_UE
 PL_DL: downlink maximum propagation loss
Pout_BS: maximum transmit power of BS traffic channel
Lf_BS: feeder loss
Ga_BS: BS antenna gain; Ga_UE: UE antenna gain
Ga_SHO: soft handover gain
Mpc: fast power control margin
Mf: slow fading margin (related to propagation environment)
MI: interference margin (related to system design capacity)
Lp: penetration loss of the building (used when indoor coverage is
required)
Lb: body loss
S_UE: sensitivity of UE receiver (related to service and multipath
conditions

Internal Use
 WCDMA Downlink Budget Elements

1. Max Power of TCH 13. Margin for Background Noise

14. SHO Gain over Fast Fading
2. Cable Loss
15. Fast Fading Margin
3. Gain of BS Tx Antenna 16. Minimum Signal Strength Required
4. EIRP 17. Penetration Loss
5. Gain of UE Rx Antenna 18. Std. dev. of Slow Fading
19. Edge coverage Probability
6. Body Loss
20. Slow Fading Margin
7. Noise Figure (UE) 21. SHO Gain over Slow Fading
8. EbvsNo Required (UE)
9. Sensitivity of UE Receiver
10. DL Cell Loading
11. Interference Margin

12. Background Noise Level

Internal Use
 WCDMA Downlink Budget Elements

 10. Downlink Cell Loading

Downlink cell loading can be defined in the following two ways:
 Define downlink cell loading at the receiving end:

 Rj 
(1 −αj +i j ) ⋅( EbvsNo
N
ηDL =∑ )j ⋅ ⋅v j 
1  W 
 It has similar characteristics with uplink cell loading, such as
 The higher downlink cell loading is, the greater cell transmit power is and the higher
the interference at the receiving end is.
 The corresponding capacity is called downlink “limit capacity” when the downlink cell
loading reaches 10%.
 Define downlink cell loading at the transmitting end: ratio between the current cell transmit power and
BS maximum transmit power capability
In this way, downlink cell loading owns the following characteristics:
 The higher downlink cell loading is, the greater the cell transmit power is. In
addition, it is related to service type, UE receiver performance, cell size, and BS
capability.

Internal Use
 WCDMA Downlink Budget Elements

 11. Downlink Interference Margin (dB)

 Downlink interference increases at the UE receiving end :

I TOT(j) No + [ (j) + f(j) ]  P TX(0)/CL(0, j)

NoiseRise(j) = No = No
N
(j) + f(j) ]
[ P CCH CL(0, n)
= 1+  +  CIR_Tx(n) 
1 − DL CL(0, j)  No n=1 CL(0, j)

 If defining downlink cell load at the transmitting end, the above

formula can be simplified as follows:
Pmax
NoiseRise ( j ) =1 +[α( j ) + f ( j )] ⋅ηDL ⋅
N o +CL (0, j )
 In link budget tools, select the following typical value for
parameters in the above formula:
 Orthonormalized factor at the edge of a cell α(j):
obtained through simulation, related to environment
type and cell radius
Interference factor at the edge of a cell f(j) ： 1.78

Internal Use
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Flow

Chapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink Budget

Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement

Technology

Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget

Training.huawei.com

Internal Use
 OTSR

Tx Rx Rx Rx

BB

 Capacity of OTSR is close to that of the omni-directional cells. Therefore,

OTSR is applicable to areas requiring small capacity but large coverage at
the early stage.
 Cell radius of OTSR is 1.5 times of that of omni-directional BS, so sites
can be reduced by 40~50%.

Internal Use
 Tower Mounted Amplifier

 Adopting a TAM (Low Noise Amplifier)

can improve uplink receiver sensitivity
and strength uplink coverage.

Internal Use
 Four-Antenna Receiving Diversity

 Relative to two-antenna receive diversity, four-antenna receive diversity can

realize lower Eb/No .
 Gain effect of four-antenna receive diversity is as follows, compared with
two-antenna receive diversity.

Area Channel Eb/N0 improved Capacity gain Coverage gain

Dense urban TU3 2.4 1.73 1.37

Urban TU3 2.4 1.73 1.37

Suburban RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39

Rural RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39

Internal Use
MUD (Multiuser Detection)

 Single cell:
 Increase capacity by 70 ~ 100%

 Multi-cell:
 Increase capacity by 40~60%

 Decrease UE transmit power

 Decrease transmit power by 2 ~ 3 dB
averagedly.
 Add standby times

Internal Use
 SA (Smart Antenna)

 SA can improve system capacity and coverage uplink/downlink and

decrease requirements for transmitted power.
 Test results of SA gain are as follows:

Area Uplink Downlink

1x4 2x2 2x4 1x4

Capacity gain 1.85 1.70 3.37 3.54

Coverage gain 1.42 1.35 2.02 2.07

Internal Use
Review Questions

1. What are main technologies to enhance

coverage?
2. What are main technologies to enhance
capacity?
3. How much UE transmitted power can be reduced
by MUD technology?
4. How many times is the OTSR cell radius than
that of the omni-directional cell?

Internal Use
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning

Flow

Chapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink Budget

Chapter 4 Coverage Enhanced

Technology

Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget

Training.huawei.com

Internal Use
Example of Link Budget

Analysis scenario setting

Transmitter

Internal Use
Example of Link Budget

Receiver

Internal Use
Example of Link Budget

Calculating Path Loss

Calculating Cell Radius

Internal Use
 Coverage Estimation － Example

Suppose
 Planning target area is 80km^2
 Maximum path loss is 151dB in the case of 50%
cell load (3dB).
 Path loss is reduced to 131dB considering 20dB
of penetration loss and slow fading margin.
 Path loss model is :L ＝ 137 ＋ 35logR dB

Therefore, R=0.674 km can be obtained .

Internal Use
 Coverage Estimation － Example

 Coverage area of the three-sector site is:

 S ＝ 1.95R^2 ＝ 0.88km^2
 The required site numbers are ：
 N ＝ 80/0.88 ＝ 90
 Namely, require 90 sites (270 sectors)

Internal Use
Review Questions

1. What elements are included in uplink budget?

2. What is the process of coverage estimation?

Internal Use
 Summary

This chapter describes

 Elements in radio uplink budget
 Effect of each element on cell radius calculation
 Basis of value of each element
 Calculation methods for coverage-based site numbers

Internal Use
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