P I - Pendahuluan

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND
MESIN KONVERSI ENERGI
Satriawan Dini Hariyanto, S.T.,

M.Eng.
Konversi = Perubahan dari satu bentuk ke bentuk yang lain
Energi = Kemampuan/daya untuk melakukan kerja

Mesin yang digunakan untuk mengubah satu bentuk energi menjadi
bentuk energi yang lain
Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Energy Classification
Type of Energy
1. Transitional
2. Stored/Potential
ENERGY Form of Energy
1. Mechanical 4. Chemical
2. Thermal 5. Electromagnetic
3. Electrical 6. Nuclear
Sources of Energy
1. Conventional (Fossil)
2. Non-Conventional (Renewable)
Transitional vs Stored
Transitional Stored
Energy in motion; Energy which Often described as potential energy
crosses system boundaries
Electrical current; work; heat; Electrical potential; gravitational

electromagnetic radiation potential; inertial potential; inertial
potential; chemical potential;
thermal

Conventional vs Renewable
Conventional Renewable
Fossil based energy Renewable in availability
Crude oil; gasoline; diesel; natural Solar; Wind; Biomass; Hydro:

gas Geothermal ; Tidal
Favorable – very common used Less Favorable – got increasing

attention
More pollutant Less or even no pollutant
Shortage of the deposit Abundant in nature

Energy Form and Common Units

Energy Form and Common Units

Measures of Energy - Units & Equivalences
Unit Measures Equivalnces

British Thermal Unit Energy required to raise 1 BTU = 1055 J = 778.16 ft·lbf = 252 cal
[BTU] the temperature of 1 lbm 1 BTU/s = 1.055 kW
of water at 68° F by 1°F 1 BTU/hr = 0.2930711 W
1 Therm = 100,000 Btu
1 Quad = 1015 Btu
Joule [J] Equivalent of 1 N of force 1 J = 0.2388 cal (IT)

exerted over a distance of 1 J = 1 N·m = 6.242×1018 eV = 0.737 ft·lbf
1 m. 1 J/s = 1 W
1 kWh = 3.6 ×106 J = 3412 Btu

Measures of Energy - Units & Equivalences
Unit Measures Equivalnces

Calorie [cal]: energy required to raise 1 cal =4.1868 J
the temperature of 1 g of (which corresponds to the specic heat of
water by 1°C. water at 15°C)
Horsepower [hp]: Power of a typical horse in 1 hp = 746 W

England during Watt's 1 hp·hr = 2.68 ×106 J = 0.746 kWh
period to raise 33 000 lbm
by 1 ft in 1 minute

Mass & Force
1 lbm = 0.454 kg
1 slug = 32.174 lbm = 14.594 kg
1 lbm = 7000 grains
1 ton = 2240 lbm = 1000 kg
1 lbf = 4.448 N

Energy Equivalences & Standard Values
• Coal
• Crude Oil HHV = 18,100 Btu/lbm = 42,100 kJ/kg = 138,100 Btu/U.S. gal
• Natural Gas HHV = 24,700 Btu/lbm = 57,450 kJ/kg = 1,021 Btu/scf

INDONESIA ENERGY OUTLOOK 2019
Permintaan Energi Final per Jenis Energi [DEN 2019]

Kapasitas Terpasang Pembangkit Listrik per Jenis Energi Tahun 2018 [DEN, 2019]
Perkembangan Bauran Energi Primer[DEN, 2019]

Potensi Energi Terbarukan Indenesia [DEN. 2019]

Thermodynamics Perspective
The First Law of Thermodynamics

“Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process, it can be only
changes forms” (The Conservation of Energy Principle)
Conservation of mass principle

net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval is equal to the
net change (increase or decrease) in the total mass within the control volume during
the time interval (Refers to Continuity Equation in Fluid Mechanics)

Closed vs Open System
YES
OPEN
SYSTEM

Energy transport by mass

• The product of the mass of the flowing fluid and its total energy.
• The rate of energy transport by mass is the product of the mass flow rate and
the total energy of the flow.
Properties Table
• Evaluation of thermodynamic properties (enthalpy, entropy, internal
energy, etc.) at specific state
Enthalpy
• From the Greek word enthalpien, which means to heat
• A property and is defined as the sum of the internal energy U and the PV
product.
Exergy (availability or available energy)

• Property used to determine the useful work potential of a given amount of
energy at some specified state.
• It is important to realize that exergy does not represent the amount of work
that a work-producing device will actually deliver upon installation.
• Rather, it represents the upper limit on the amount of work a device can
deliver without violating any thermodynamic laws.
Cycle
• A process, or series of processes, that allows a system to undergo state changes
and returns the system to the initial state at the end of the process.
• That is, for a cycle the initial and final states are identical.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics
1. Kelvin–Planck Statement
It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single
reservoir and produce a net amount of work (Heat Engine Principle)
2. Clausius Statement
It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-temperature body
(Refrigerator and Heat Pump Principle)

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

• A process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the surroundings
• both the system and the surroundings are returned to their initial states at the end of
the reverse process.
• It is possible only if the net heat and net work exchange between the system and
the surroundings is zero for the combined (original and reverse) process.
• Reversible processes actually do not occur in nature. They are merely
idealizations of actual processes.
• That is, all the processes occurring in nature are irreversible (NOT
REVERSIBLE).

Irreversibilities
• The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are called irreversibilities
• Those factor are friction, unrestrained expansion, mixing of two fluids, heat
transfer across a finite temperature difference, electric resistance, inelastic
deformation of solids, and chemical reactions.
• The presence of any of these effects renders a process irreversible.

Thermodynamics cycles
• Gas power cycle
Otto & Diesel cycle → Internal Combustion Engine
Brayton cycle → Gas Turbine
Rankine cycle → Steam Power Plant (Steam Turbine)
• Refrigeration cycle → Refrigerator & Air Conditioner
Vapor Compression cycle

Vapor Absorption cycle

Other important perspectives
• Fluids Mechanics → Continuity ; Turbomachinery

• Heat Transfer → Heat transfer mode; Heat Exchanger
• Combustion → Reaction ; Equivalence Ratio ; Enthalpy Formation

Rencana Pembelajaran Semester
(RPS)
Mata Kuliah : Mesin Konversi Energi

Smt./ sks : VI / 3 sks
Prodi : S1 Teknik Mesin
Dosen : Dr. A. A. Putu Susastriawan

Deskripsi Mata Kuliah
Mata kuliah Mesin Konversi Energi adalah mata kuliah

wajib prodi S1 Teknik Mesin yang bertujuan mengajarkan
prinsip konservasi energi dan perubahannya serta prinsip
dasar mesin-mesin konversi energi.

Output
1. Mahasiswa mengetahui bentuk-bentuk energi dan

perubahannya
2. Mahasiswa mengetahui berbagai macam mesin-
mesin konversi energi
3. Mahasiswa mengerti dan memahami prinsip dasar
dan karakteristik mesin-mesin konversi energi
4. Mahasiswa menguasai langkah-langkah dalam
perhitungan daya mesin-mesin konversi energi
termasuk sistem konversi energi baru terbarukan
Outcomes
1. Lembar Tugas
2. Lembar UTS & UAS

Syllabi / Materi
1. Energy Classification PI
2. Energy conservation & conversion PII
3. Pump & Compressor PIII-IV
4. Internal Combustion Engine PV-VII
5. Gas Turbine PVIII
6. Steam Power Plant PIX-PX
7. Refrigeration PXI
8. Renewable Energy Conversion: Hydraulic Turbine; PXII-PXIV
Wind Turbine; PLTBm

Syllabi / Materi
 Energy Classification (PI)
1. Energy Classification
2. Indonesia Energy Outlook
3. Thermodynamics perspective

Syllabi / Materi
 Energy conservation & conversion (PI)
1. Energy conservation theorem

2. Energy conversion system
3. Efficiency

Syllabi / Materi
 Pump & Compressor (PIII -PIV)
1. Energy conversion in Pump & Compressor

2. Pump & Compressor Classification
3. Pump & Compressor Performance
4. Pumps operate in series & parallel
5. Similarity Law

Syllabi / Materi
 Internal Combustion Engine (PV- PVII)
1. Energy conversion in IC engine

2. Thermodynamic analysis of OTTO & DIESEL cycle
3. Geometrical properties of reciprocating mechanism
4. Performance parameter: Brake Power, Mean Effective Pressure,
Torque, BSFC, Thermal Efficiency, Emission

Syllabi / Materi
 Internal Combustion Engine (PV- PVII)
1. Energy conversion in IC engine

2. Thermodynamic analysis of OTTO & DIESEL cycle
3. Geometrical properties of reciprocating mechanism
4. Parameter & Performance

Syllabi / Materi
 Gas Turbine (PVIII)
1. Energy conversion in Gas Turbine

2. Thermodynamic analysis of ideal Brayton cycle
3. Thermodynamic analysis of Brayton cycle Intercooling,
Reheating, & Regeneration
4. Thermodynamic analysis of ideal Jet Propulsion

Syllabi / Materi
 Steam Power Plant (PXIX-PX)
1. Energy conversion in Steam Power Plant

2. Thermodynamic analysis of Ideal Rankine Cycle
3. Rankine cycle with generation
4. Overview Main Component of Steam Power Plant (Boiler, Steam
Turbine, Heat Exchanger, Pump, Generator

5. Thermodynamic analysis of ideal Jet Propulsion
Syllabi / Materi
 Refrigeration (PXI)
1. Refrigeration & Refrigeration System

2. Refrigerants, Cooling Mediums, Absorbents
3. Thermodynamic analysis of ideal Vapor Compression cycle
4. Cascade System

Syllabi / Materi
 Renewable Energy Conversion (PXII-PXIV)
1. Hydraulic Turbine
2. Wind Turbine
3. PLTBm (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biomassa)

Pustaka
Culp, A.W., 1991, Principle Energy Conversion, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New Delhi
Cengel, Y.A., Boles, M.A., 2008, Thermodynamics, an Engineering Approach, 6th Ed (SI Unit),
Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
Sularso & Tahara H, 1983. ”Pompa dan Kompresor”, Cetakan I, Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta
Heywood, J.B., 1988, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill, Singapore
Pulkrabek, W.W., Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine, Prentice

Hall, New Jersey, USA
White, F.M., “Fluid Mechanics”, E-book series, 4th Ed.E-book series, McGraw-Hill

Assessment
1. Absensi : 10%
2. Tugas I,II : 25%
3. UTS : 20%
4. Tugas III, IV : 20%
5. UAS : 25%
TOTAL : 100%

That’s all. Any Question?

P I - Pendahuluan

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

P I - Pendahuluan

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND

MESIN KONVERSI ENERGI

Satriawan Dini Hariyanto, S.T.,

MESIN KONVERSI ENERGI

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Electrical current; work; heat; Electrical potential; gravitational

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Crude oil; gasoline; diesel; natural Solar; Wind; Biomass; Hydro:

Favorable – very common used Less Favorable – got increasing

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Unit Measures Equivalnces

Joule [J] Equivalent of 1 N of force 1 J = 0.2388 cal (IT)

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Unit Measures Equivalnces

Horsepower [hp]: Power of a typical horse in 1 hp = 746 W

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

1 slug = 32.174 lbm = 14.594 kg

1 lbm = 7000 grains

1 ton = 2240 lbm = 1000 kg

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

• Natural Gas HHV = 24,700 Btu/lbm = 57,450 kJ/kg = 1,021 Btu/scf

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Permintaan Energi Final per Jenis Energi [DEN 2019]

Perkembangan Bauran Energi Primer[DEN, 2019]

Potensi Energi Terbarukan Indenesia [DEN. 2019]

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Conservation of mass principle

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Closed vs Open System

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Energy transport by mass

Exergy (availability or available energy)

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

• The presence of any of these effects renders a process irreversible.

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

• Refrigeration cycle → Refrigerator & Air Conditioner

Vapor Compression cycle

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

• Fluids Mechanics → Continuity ; Turbomachinery

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Mata Kuliah : Mesin Konversi Energi

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Mata kuliah Mesin Konversi Energi adalah mata kuliah

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

1. Mahasiswa mengetahui bentuk-bentuk energi dan

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

 Energy Classification (PI)

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

 Energy conservation & conversion (PI)

1. Energy conservation theorem

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS

 Pump & Compressor (PIII -PIV)

1. Energy conversion in Pump & Compressor

Dr. AAPS | JTM| IST. AKPRIND Pendahuluan & RPS