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CHAPTERS 15-17
Objectives
Basic understand of nutrients, digestibility,
evaluation, and composition of feeds
Knowledge of digestibility in both the monogastric
and ruminant animal
Appreciation for nutrient function and requirements
for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and lactation
Understanding of ration formulation
Nutrients
High in energy
Complex carbohydrates
Cellulose, lignin
Energy source
Proteins
Simple
Amino acids
Building blocks of the animal’s body
Ex.
Complex
Glycoproteins
Lipoproteins
Hemeproteins
Only nutrient class that contains nitrogen
Ave. ~16%
6.25 multiplier
%N X 6.25 = %protein
Nutrients
Essential Amino Acids
Must be supplemented in the diet
Feed
Microbial protein
Minerals
Chemical elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen
Macrominerals
Required in larger amounts
Ex.?
Important for several major bodily functions
Micromineral
Trace minerals, required in small amounts
Ex.?
Important for vitamins, hormone synthesis
Usually work together w/ other nutrients
Can be harmful in high levels
Nutrients
Vitamins
Organic nutrients required for very specific bodily functions
16 vitamins
Fat soluble
A, D, E, K
Water soluble
C, B12, B1, Niacin
Measuring digestibility
NE
DE
Calorie (cal)
Energy required to raise the temp of 1g of water 1 degree C
Feed Analysis
Kilocalorie (kcal)
Energy needed to raise the temp of 1kg water 1 degree C
Megacalorie (Mcal)
=1,000 kcal or 1,000,000 cal
Some energy is lost, and therefore not digested
Feces
Urine
Gases
Heat
Feed Analysis
Animal uses energy in two ways
Maintenance
Production
GE
Amount of heat (cal) released from complete burning of a feed
(Bomb Calorimeter)
ME is what the animal actually has the opportunity to use
NE is what is available after energy used for consumption,
digestion, metabolism (heat increment)
Feed Analysis
In diet formulation:
NEm
NEg
NEl
Figure 15.3 Measures of energy and energy utilization.
Feeds and Feed Consumption
Classification of Feeds
1. Dry roughages & forages
• Hay
• Straw
• Other
2. Range, pasture, green forage
Feeds and Feed Consumption
3. Silages
4. Energy Feeds
• >18% CF, <20%CP
5. Protein supplements
• >20% CP
6. Mineral supplements
7. Vitamin supplements
8. Nonnutritive additives
• Antibiotics
• Coloring
• Flavors
• Medicants
• Etc.
Feeds and Feed Consumption
Nutrient Composition of Feeds
Goal of nutrient analysis is to predict the production capability
of a feed
Tables are an average, true analysis is much more accurate
Composition can vary:
15% in CP
10% in energy
30% in minerals
Digestion & Feed Absorption
Digestion
Mechanical
Chemical
Role is to produce feed particles the can be absorbed and used
by the body
Carnivorous, Omnivorous, & Herbivorous
animals
Which is which?
Carnivores & Omnivores are monogastric animals
One, simple stomach
Also some herbivores (horse, rabbit)
Herbivores
Ruminants
Stomach compartments
The Monogastric Digestive Tract
Mouth
Mechanical chewing and swallowing of food
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Delivery tube from mouth to stomach
Valve controls opening
Stomach
Primary area of reduction in feed particle size
The Monogastric Digestive Tract
Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Split molecules & absorb nutrients
Large intestine
Cecum
Colon
Absorb water
Forms indigestible waste (Feces)
Figure 16.1 Digestive tract of the pig as an example of the digestive tract of a monogastric animal.
Figure 16.2 Digestive system of the horse. The posterior view shows the colon or large intestine proportionally larger than the rest of
the digestive tract. Note particularly the location of the cecum at the anterior end of the colon.
Ruminants
Rumen
Fermentation vat
Papillae
Bacteria & protozoa
Reticulum
Aka honeycomb
Initiate mixing in rumen
Ruminants
Omasum
Many folds (manyplies)
Grinding action?
Not a lot of digestive responsibility
Abomasum
True stomach
Ruminants can rechew feed already consumed for
more thorough breakdown of feed particles (Cud)
known as rumination
Elimination of gases by eructation
Figure 16.4 Beef cattle digestive tract.
Figure 16.5 Lining of the four compartments of the ruminant stomach (goat). (A) Compartments intact.
(B) Compartments separated. Courtesy of George F. W. Haenlein. University of Delaware.
Figure 16.7 The esophageal groove, with its location relative to the esophagus, reticulum, and rumen. Courtesy of N. J. Benevenga et
al., 1969. Preparation of the ruminant stomach for classroom demonstration. J. Dairy Sci. 52:1294.
Digestion in Monogastrics
Liver function
Metabolizes feed particles in bloodstream
Detoxifies harmful substances
Digestion in Ruminants
Fermentation in rumen & reticulum
Microorganisms number in the billions
Excess are removed with feed movement and killed by acid in the
abomasum
Mutually beneficial relationship
Digestion is the same after feed reaches the abomasum
Microorganisms use starch and sugar for their growth
and development
Robs the animal of valuable energy sources
Produce Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) which the animal absorbs and
converts to energy
Acetic
Propionic
Butyric
Methane gas is released through eructation
What if this action fails?
Digestion in Ruminants
Esophageal groove
Pathway directing milk to abomasum
Complete function of digestive tract is not
complete until:
Sheep ~2 mos.
Cattle ~3-4 mos.
Influenced by feed type
Energy Pathways
End products of glucose and fatty acids supply body tissues
with energy, and become milk fat and lactose in the lactating
ruminant
Digestion in Ruminants
Protein Pathways
End products of protein and NPN:
Amino acids
Ammonia
Excess formed into urea in liver and excreted in the urine
Examples
Feedlot steers ~30-40% for maintenance
Breeding animals ~90%
100# dairy cow eat 4-5x their daily maintenance requirement
Body size & Maintenance
Increased body size means increased nutrient requirement
But, not at a linear rate
Nutrient Requirements for Growth
Occurs when:
Protein synthesis is > protein breakdown
Cells increase in number & size
Both
Building of muscle, bone, connective tissue
Nutrients needed for growth
Energy, protein, minerals, vitamins
Muscle growth is due to protein
Nutrient Requirements for Growth
Vitamin D
Needed for proper use of Ca & P
Can get from sunshine (conversion of cholesterol in the skin),
unless raised inside
Vitamin A
Can be lost during drying in the sun, or extended dry storage
Nutrient Requirements for Fattening
2 categories
Gamete production
Nothing above normal maintenance
Body condition affects fertility
Fetal growth
Greatest in last trimester of pregnancy
Requirements of the fetus are the same as those after it is born
Healthy females can withdraw nutrients from their body for the
fetus
Nutrient Requirements for Lactation
Energy
Based on amount of milk produced
Production can be limited by intake
High producing dairy cow may need 3-4x the energy of non-
lactating cow of same size
Why do some cows continue to lose weight?
What is the ideal forage to concentrate ratio in dairy cows?
Energy Requirements for Work