Mathematical methods in the physical sciences 3rd edition Mary L.

Boas

Chapter 2 Complex numbers

Lecture 4 Introduction of complex numbers

1
1. Introduction

az 2  bz  c  0

 b  b 2  4ac
z , sometimes, ' b 2  4ac' can be negative.
2a

Let's consider imaginary number i   1

    
i 2  1, ex)  2  8  i 2 i 8  i 2 16  4.

ex. z2  2z  2  0

2 48 2 4
z   1  i.
2 2

2
(READING)

Once the new kind of number is admitted into our number system, fascinating
possibilities open up. Can we attach any meaning to marks like sin i, e^i, ln
(1+i)? We’ll see later that we can and that, in fact, such expressions may turn up
in problems in physics, chemistry, and engineering, as well as, mathematics.

When people first considered taking square roots of negative numbers, they felt
very uneasy about the problem. They thought that such numbers could not have
any meaning or any connection with reality (hence the term “imaginary”). They
certainly would not have believed that the new numbers could be of any practical
use. Yet complex numbers are of good importance in a variety of applied fields;
for example, the electrical engineer would, to say the least, be severely
handicapped without them. The complex notation often simplifies setting up and
solving vibration problems in either dynamical or electrical systems, and is useful
in solving many differential equations which arise from problems in various
branches of physics.
3
2. Real and imaginary parts of a complex number

z  x  iy

y: imaginary part (not imaginary!!)

x: real part

4
3. Complex plane

- Complex plane: similar to the xy plane

5
-Rectangular form (x,y) vs. Polar form (r,)

y
x  r cos , y  r sin   r  x 2  y 2 , tan   .
x
z  x  iy  r cos  ir sin   r  cos  i sin    re i (polar form).

6
Example)

cf.  : radian

7
4. Terminology and notation

 real part : Re z   x  Absolute (or modulus) value z  r ,

 
 imaginary part : Im z   y  angle of z : 
 

ex) z  1  i

principal angle

8
- Complex conjugate

 
complex conjugate z  z *  x  iy  x  iy.

z  r  cos  i sin    r  cos     i sin       re  i .

9
5. Complex algebra

A. Simplifying to x+iy form

ex1. 1  i   1  i 1  i   1  2i  i 2  1  2i  1  2i.
2

2  i  2  i  3  i  6  3i  2i  i 2 5  5i 1 1
ex2.      i
3  i  3  i  3  i  9i 2
10 2 2

ex3. (polar form) 1  i  

2
 2e 
i / 4 2
 2e i / 2  2i.

squaring

1 1 1 1
ex4.  i 20  e  i 20   cos 20  i sin 20
2 cos 20  i sin 20 2e 2 2

10
B. Complex conjugate

z1  z2  z1  z2 , z  f  ig  z  f  i g ( not f  ig )

note) We can get the conjugate of an expression containing i’s by just

changing the signs of all the i terms.

2  3i 2  3i
z  z .
i4 i  4

C. Absolute value

zz  r 2e i  i   r 2  z  z  zz .
2
z  re i , z  re  i ,

11
D. Complex equations
 x  iy  2  2i,
 x2  y2  0
x 2  2ixy  y 2  2i    x  y  1.
 2 xy  2


12
E. Graphs

ex.1 z  3,
z  x  iy, x  iy  3, x 2  y 2  9

ex2. z  1  9,  x  1 2  y 2  92

yx
ex3. Angle of z :  / 4
y
tan   1 y  x
x

1
ex.4 Re z   x 
2
1
2

13
Mathematical methods in the physical sciences 3rd edition Mary L. Boas

Chapter 2 Complex numbers

Lecture 5 Euler formula & roots and powers

6. Complex infinite series

S n  X n  iYn
lim S n  S  X  iY , where lim X n  X , lim Yn  Y .
n  n n 

In this case, we call the complex series convergent.

7. Complex power series; Disk of convergence

a z n
n
, an : complex numbers

z 2 z3 z 4
ex. 1  z     
2 3 4
zn
For absolute convergence,   lim  z  1.
n  n  1

cf. real vs. complex

2.8 Elementary function of complex numbers
- elementary functions: powers, roots, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric,
logarithmic, exponential, and combinations of these.

- Elementary functions of complex numbers behave just like those of real

numbers

i ) f  z   z 2  2 z  1, f 1  i   1  i   21  i   1  1
2

z 2 z3
ii ) e  1  z    
z

2! 3!
iii) e z1 e z 2  e z1  z 2
2.9 Euler’s formula

3 5 2 4
sin       , cos   1   
3! 5! 2! 4!

e i
 1  i 
 i 
2

 i 
3

 i 
4

 i 
5

2! 3! 4! 5!
2 3 4 5
 1  i  i   i 
2! 3! 4! 5!
 2 4   3 5 
 1      i      cos  i sin 
 2! 4!   3! 5! 

 ei  cos  i sin  Euler's fomula

z  x  iy  r  cos  i sin    re i
Ex. Find the graph expressing a given z.

2ei / 6 , ei , 3e i / 2 , e 2 n i

- Multiplication, division

z1  z2  r1ei1  r2ei 2  r1r2ei  1  2  ,

r1 i  1  2 
z1  z2  e .
r2

ex. 1  i  2
1  i 

1  i 2

 2e 
i / 4 2

2ei / 2
 2 e 3i / 4
.
1  i  2e  i / 4
2e  i / 4
10. Powers and roots of complex numbers

 e    cos  i sin  
i n n
 cos n  i sin n
   
e 
i 1 / n
  cos  i sin  
1/ n
 cos   i sin  .
n n
z n   re i   r n ein , z1 / n   re i 
n 1/ n
 r 1 / n e i / n

ex.1  cos  / 10  i sin   / 10    e 

i / 10 25
 e 2 i ei / 2  i.
25
ex.2 Cube roots of 8?

2k
8  8e  i
2k i 1 / 3
8  8  i  0  8e 2k i  3
 81 / 3 e 3
.

k  0, z2
i
2
 1 3
k  1, z  2e 3 
 2   i .
 2 2 

i
4
 1 3
k  2, z  2e 3 
 2   i 
 2 2 
ex.3 Find the plot all values of 4
 64

r1 / 4  641 / 4  2 2
 2k    3 5 7
  , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4
ex. 4 6
 8i

r1 / 6  81 / 6  2
 2k  3 / 2  
   k ( 0,1,2,3,4,5).
6 6 4 3
Mathematical methods in the physical sciences 3rd edition Mary L. Boas

Chapter 2 Complex numbers

Lecture 6 application
11. The exponential and trigonometric functions
- exponential function
e z  e x  iy  e x eiy  e x  cos y  i sin y 

ex. e 2  i  e 2e  i  e 2    1  e 2 .

- trigonometric function
ei  cos   i sin  , e  i  cos  i sin 
ei  e  i ei  e  i
 sin   , cos  .
2i 2

eiz  e  iz eiz  e  iz
Similarly, sin z  , cos z  .
2i 2
12. Hyperbolic functions
e z  e z e z  e z
sinh z  , cosh z 
2 2

- The other hyperbolic functions are named and defined in a similar way to
parallel the trigonometric functions:

sinh z 1
tanh z  , coth z 
cosh z tanh z
1 1
sec h z  , csc h z  .
cosh z sinh z
sin iy  i sinh y, cos iy  cosh y.

cosh 2 z  sinh 2 z  1, cf . sin 2 z  cos2 z  1

d d
cosh z  sinh z , cf . cos z   sin z.
dz dz
13. Logarithms

 
w  ln z  ln re i  Ln r   i .

- Since  has an infinite values (all differing by multiples of 2), a complex

number has infinitely many logarithms. (principal value)

ex. ln   1  Ln1  i    2n   i ,i ,3i,.

14. Complex roots and powers

- For complex a and b,

a b  eb ln a

- Since ln a is multiple values, powers a^b are usually multiple values (cf.
principal value).

ex. 1 Find all values of i^(-2i)

ln i  ln1  i ( / 2  2n )  i ( / 2  2n )

i  2i  e  2i ln i  e  2i i   / 2  2 n   e  4 n  e , e , e9 ,.
15. Inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

eiz  e iz
w  cos z   z  arccos w
2
16. Some applications
- Electricity
dI Q dV I
VR  IR, VL  L , V   .
dt C dt C

(method 1)

I  I 0 sin t
1
VR  RI 0 sin t , VL  LI 0 cos t , VC   I 0 cos t.
C
Total voltage V  VR  VL  VC

‘complicated function’
 (method 2)

 
I 0 sin t  Im I   Im I 0eit .
After describing with a complex I , we can take the imaginary part of the solution.

VR  RI 0eit  RI ,
 i t
VL  iLI 0e  iLI ,

V   1 I eit   1 I .
 C iC
0
i C

  1 
V  VR  VL  VC   R  i L   I  ZI
  C 
 1 
Impedence Z  R  i L  .
 C 

1
cf. Resonance : L  0
C