Physical transport phenomena 2

Lecture 2

Jun Yue
E-mail: Yue.Jun@rug.nl
November 2019
Advanced transport phenomena

Momentum transport (flow)

v

Heat transport (heat transfer)

cpT

Mass transport (mass transfer)

c or 

2
 Special attention to:
Navier-Stokes equation and computational fluid dynamics
Non-Newtonian liquids
Compressible flows This lecture
Packed and fluidized beds
Turbulence
Non-stationary heat and mass transfer
Free convection
Boiling and condensation
Radiative heat transfer
Mass transfer with chemical reaction
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer

3
The mathematics is veeeeeerry
difficult !!!!!!!!!!
 adx  ax  c
1 n 1
 dx  x c
n
x
n 1
dx
 x  ln  x   c
f  x 
lim  f  x  dx   f  x    dx
dx 0 x
df
 f  f  exp  x   c
dx
d2 f
dx 2
  af  f  c1 sin ax  c2 cos    ax 
4
 Flow (remember?)

Two types of flow:

Laminar flow
• momentum transport by viscosity
• Re = vD/ small
• generally analytical solution

Turbulent flow:
• momentum transport by vortices
• Re = vD/ large
• in general: no analytical solution

 --- dynamic viscosity (Pa.s) 5

General method for laminar flow (1)
e.g. laminar flow in a horizontal pipe

A) Choose your system

R rx r

p1 p2 x

x2-x1
B) Derive a force balance:
0  r 2 p1  r 2 p 2   rx 2r  x2  x1 
r p1  p 2 r  dp 
 rx    
2 x2  x1 2  dx 
6
τrx --- shear stress in the x direction at r position (N/m2)
General method for laminar flow (2)
C) Combine with your rheological equation

r p1  p2 r  dp 
 rx     
2 x2  x1 2  dx  dv x r  dp 
    
dv x  dr 2  dx 
Newtonian  rx   
fluid dr
D) Integrate or any other
rheological expression
r  dp 
 dvx    2   dx dr
r 2  dp 
v x       c1
4  dx  7
General method for laminar flow (3)
E) Introduce your boundary conditions

Non-slip r 2  dp 
vx  0 at r  R  vx       c1
condition 4  dx 
1  dp  2 2
 vx     R  r 
4  dx 
At r  0 r
R 2  dp 
Vmax    x
4  dx 

Parabolic velocity profile

8
General method for laminar flow (4)

r dr

v
F) Integrate to obtain throughput
Vmax
d  v  vx (r )  2 r  dr 2
R R
v
1  dp  2 2
 v   2 rvx dr   2 r     R  r  dr
0 0
4  dx 
 R 4  dp  v R 2  dp 
v       v    
8  dx  R 2
8  dx  9
 Turbulent flow Force balance
e.g., in a horizontal pipe
p1 A  p2 A   w S  x2  x1   0
w S  x2  x1 
p1  p2   w
p1 p2 A Definition of f
1
 w  f    v 2
x2−x1 2
f: Fanning friction factor
D S D A   D2 / 4 D  4A / S A: Cross-sectional area (m2)
S: Circumference (m)
1 2 S  x2  x1  1 L
p1  p2  f   v  4f   v 
2
Fanning equation
2 A 2 D
Also valid for laminar flow (4f = 64/Re) f
=4
2
R  dp  8  v   x2  x1   1 2 L
 v      p1  p2   64  v
8  dx  R 2
 v D 2 D 10
 Friction factor in round straight tubes
Laminar flow: 4 f  64 / Re
1/ 4
Turbulent flow in smooth tubes: 4 f  0.316 Re (Blasius equation)
Turbulent flow in rough tubes: 4f is a bit higher, also depends on x/D

4f
Completely turbulent
0.1 x/D
0.05

0.01

0.001
0.01
0
laminar turbulent

103 104 105 106

11
Re
 Proposal for an oil pipe line
From an off-shore platform to the coast

Given:
length (L) 30 km
diameter (D) 1m
throughput (v) 4 m3/s
density oil () 800 kg/m3
viscosity oil () 0.01 Pa.s
Smooth and horizontal pipe line

for what pressure do we have to design our pumps?

12
 The design
1 2 L
p1  p2  4 f    v 
2 D
First the velocity: Next comes Reynolds number:
 D2  v D
v  v  Re 
4 
4 4 800  5.11
v  
 12 0.01
v  5.1 m s  4.1105 > 4000
turbulent !!!
And now the friction factor
13
 Back to our oil pipe line
 v D
Re   4.1105
 4f
0,1 x/D

4 f  0.014 0,05

0,01
0,001
0,01
0

1 L 103 104 105 106

p1  p2  4 f   v  2 Re

2 D
Given:
1 3 10 4 length (L) 30 km
 0.014   800  5.1 
2

2 1 diameter (D) 1m
throughput (v) 4 m3/s
 437  104 Pa density oil () 800 kg/m3
 43.7 bar viscosity oil () 0.01 Pa.s
Smooth tube and horizontal pipe line

To much, so suggest larger diameters or two or three parallel pipes. 14

 Friction factor for circular and
non-circular cross sections
Circular Hydraulic diameter (Dh):
4  wetted surface area 4 A
calculate Reynolds number Dh  
wetted circumference S
if laminar: 4f = 64/Re
 D2 / 4
if turbulent: find 4f from the D Circular Dh  4 D
D
graph
4a 2
Non-circular a Square Dh  a
4a
calculate Reynolds number using
hydraulic diameter (Re = vDh / ) Rectangular Dh 
4hw

2hw
h
2 w  2h w  h
if laminar: 4f = C/Re (C is a w
constant that can be found in book) 4hw
Open
if turbulent: find aprroximate value h channel
Dh 
w  2h
of 4f from the same graph w

S  x2  x1  1 L 4   D2 / 8
p1  p  = 4 f    v 2  D
Half Dh  D
2 w
A 2 Dh R filled D/2
15
We would like to have an equation
with general validity
for general simplification
for numerical use (CFD)
What should be in it?
1. Non-stationary term
2. Inertia terms (turbulence)
3. Viscous terms (shear stresses)
4. Pressure forces
5. Gravity forces
And that all in very general terms

16
 Let’s start with an old
mathematical rule
the limit thesis

lim  f  x  dx   f  x   
dx0
f(x+dx)

 f  x  dx   f  x   f(x)
lim  dx 
dx0
 dx 

? ?
f  x  be r
dx e m x x+dx
x m
Re
17
 Tough stuff = derivations
What are we going to do?

1) Derive the mass balance for compressible materials

2) Derive the mass balance for incompressible

materials

3) Link this to the momentum balance for newtonian

Nota bene:materials
Mass balance is also known as: continuity equation
Momentum balance is also known as: Navier-Stokes equation
18
 Derive a balance equation with
general validity:
General mass balance (compressible):
y x x+dx

accumulation
 flow in  flow out  production  vx  vx
unit time        x x  dx

dy
z
dz
dx
d
dxdydz  v x x dydz   vx x  dx
dydz  x
dt

  v y dxdz   v y
y y  dy
dxdz 
   vz z dydx   vz z  dz
dydx  19
 General rule:

lim  f  x  dx   f  x   
dx 0

 f  x  dx   f  x   f  x  dy
lim   dx  dx
dx 0
 dx  x

So: let f(x) be ρvx|x v x v x

x x  dx
dz
 v x x  dx   vx x  dydz 
   vx  x x+dx
dxdydz
x
20
 The mass balance
Convective terms
   vx 
 vx x dydz   vx x  dx dydz   dxdydz
x
   vy 
 v y y dxdz   v y y  dy dxdz   dxdydz
y
   vz 
 vz z dydx   vz z  dz dydx   dxdydz
z
Adding all terms together

   v x    v y    v z 
dx dy dz   dx dy dz  dx dy dz  dx dy dz
t x y z
21
 The mass balance
   v x    v y    v z 
dx dy dz   dx dy dz  dx dy dz  dx dy dz
t x y z

So for compressible media:


  
 
  v x   v y   v z 
t x y z

22
 The mass balance
ρ = constant (incompressible)


 
 
  v x   v y  v z 

t x y z
vx v y vz
0    
x y z
So for incompressible media:
v x v y v z
  0
x y z
23
Another general balance:

The momentum balance

dX
V   in X in   out X out  RV
dt
with: X   vx ,  v y ,  v z
Three types of terms:
accumulation: acceleration
flow in and flow out: convection
production: body forces gravity forces
surface forces pressure forces
shear forces
Momentum is a vector:
therefore different momentum equations in three directions
dX
V   in X in   out X out   F
dt
24
Momentum balance in x-direction
(accumulation term)
dX
V   in X in   out X out   F
dt

x-momentum: Xx = ρvx dy

dz
Accumulation: y dx

X x    vx  x
V  dxdydz z
t t

25
Momentum balance in x-direction

(convective terms)
Xx
dX
V   in X in   out X out   F
dt
 v, y

Convection: dy
 v , x X x  vx  dy  dz   vx
dz
 v , y X x  v y  dx  dz   vx y dx

 v , z X x  vz  dx  dy   vx x
z

26
Momentum balance in x-direction

(convective terms)
 v , x X x  vx  dy  dz   vx remember?
df ( x)
 v , y X x  v y  dx  dz   vx f ( x  dx)  f ( x) 
limdx0 dx
dx

 v , z X x  vz  dx  dy   vx

and:
  v x v x 
 v , x X x in   v , x X x out   dxdydz
x
  v x v y 
 v, y X x   v, y X x   dxdydz
in out y
  v x v z 
 v , z X x in   v , z X x out   dxdydz
z
27
 Momentum balance in x-direction
(forces in the
dX
x-direction) frictional forces
V   in X in   out X out   F pressure forces
dt gravity forces
 yx y  dy
dxdz
Convention:
• τij denotes a stress in the j direction exerted
on a plane perpendicular to the i axis.
 zx z dxdy • Positive increase in velocity components
p x dydz p x  dx dydz occur in the positive directions of the axis.
 xx x dydz  xx dydz y τyx
x  dx y
τxx
 yx y dxdz
 zx z  dz
dxdy
x x
Shear stress (related to the Normal stress (related to
time rate of change of the the time rate of change of
shearing deformation) volume)
p
p x dydz  p x  dx dydz   dxdydz
x
  xx  yx  zx p 

 xx x dydz   xx x  dx dydz   xx dxdydz   x y z x
F        g x  dxdydz
x  
(similar for τyx, τzx) 28
Momentum balance in x-direction

   vx    
   vx vx     v x v y     v x v z  
t x y z
 xx  yx  zx p
      gx
x y z x
(+ equivalents in the y and z directions)
accumulation term
convective terms
body and surface forces

The basis for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 29

 The Navier-Stokes equation

Claude-Louis Navier George Gabriel Stokes

For incompressible Newtonian liquids (constant  and )

 vx vx vx vx    2vx  2vx  2vx  p

  vx  vy  vz     2  2  2     gx
 t x y z   x y z  x
 v y v y v y v y    2v y  2v y  2v y  p
  vx  vy  vz    2  2  2     gy
 t x y z   x y z  y
 vz vz vz vz    2vz  2 vz  2 vz  p
  vx  vy  vz     2  2  2     gz
 t x y z   x y z  z
30
 The Navier-Stokes equation
(for compressible, non-Newtonian fluids)
For compressible, non-Newtonian liquids (varying  and )

   vx      xx  yx  zx p
   v x v x     v x v y     vx v z         gx
t x y z x y z x
   vy      xy  yy  zy p
   v x v y     v y v y     v y vz         gy
t x y z x y z y
   vz      xz  yz  zz p
   v x v z     v y v z     vz vz         gz
t x y z x y z z

31
Simplifications for analytical solutions
 v x v x v x v x    2 v x  2 v x  2 v x  p
  vx  vy  vz    2   2   g x
 t x y z  z  x
2
 x y

(+ equivalents in the y and z directions)

If: neglect:
v x
stationary process t
v x v x v x
vx  vy  vz
low Reynolds numbers x y z
  2 v x  2 v x  2 v x 
 2  2  2 
high Reynolds numbers  x y z 
p
small pressure gradients x
g x
32
negligible gravity effects
 Navier-Stokes equation
in cylindrical coordinates
For incompressible Newtonian liquids (constant  and )
(r,,z)
Cylindrical to rectangular
r 
z x  r cos( )
y  r sin( )
y zz
x r  Rectangular to cylindrical
r 2  x2  y 2
y
tan( ) 
x
Rectangular Cylindrical zz

 v v v vr vr v 2     1   vr   1  2 vr  2 vr 2 v  p

  r  vr r    vz      r   2  2  2     gr
 t r r  z r   r  r r  r   r 
2
z r   r
 v v v v v vr v     1   rv   1  2v  2v 2 vr 
  1 p
    vr     vz       
 2      g
 t r r  z r   
 r r r  r  2
z 2
r 2
 
 r  

 v z v z v z v z  
 1   v z  1  v z  v z 
2 2
 p
  vr  v  vz      r      g z
 t r  z   r r  r  r 
 2 2 2
z   z 33
 Navier-Stokes equation
in cylindrical coordinates
For incompressible Newtonian liquids (constant  and )
z z
v v
vz vz
vy
vθ
vx
vr

y r y
θ

x x
 v v v vr vr v 2     1   vr   1  2 vr  2 vr 2 v  p
  r  vr r    vz      r   2  2  2     gr
 t r r  z r   r  r r  r   r 
2
z r   r
 v v v v v vr v     1   rv   1  2v  2v 2 vr 
  1 p
    vr     vz       
 2      g
 t r r  z r   
 r r r  r  2
z 2
r 2
 
 r  

 v z v z v z v z  
 1   v z  1  v z  v z 
2 2
 p
  vr  v  vz      r      g z
 t r  z   r r  r  r 
 2 2 2
z   z 34
 Navier-Stokes equation
in cylindrical coordinates
Example: laminar flow in horizontal straight pipes
z p
  g r   g sin 
r
r  z gθ If   0 or  ,
p
0
g r
gr Otherwise, p  p0   gr sin   p0

y p
r (e.g.,  gr sin   p0 ) 0
vr  0, v  0,  z  0 θ r

x
 vr vr v vr vr v 2     1   vr   1  2 vr  2 vr 2 v  p
  vr   vz      r   2  2  2     gr
  t r r  z r  
 r r r  r  r  2
z r   r

 v v v v v v v     1   rv   1  2v  2v 2 vr  1 p

    vr      vz   r        2  2  2    g
 t r r  z r   r  r r  r 
2
z r   r 

 v z v z v z v z  
 1   v z  1  v z  v z 
2 2
 p
  vr  v  vz      r    
2  z
 g z
 t r  z  
 r r  r 2
 r  2
z  
so: no pressure gradient in radial and tangential direction ( pr  0; p

0 ) 35
 Example:
laminar flow in horizontal straight pipes
z vz

r  z
r y
dθ
θ
x
Navier-Stokes equation in cylindrical coordinates (z direction only)
 v z v z v z v z  
 1   v z  1  v z  v z 
2 2
 p
  vr  v  vz      r    2 
  g z
 t r  z   r r  r  r 
 2 2
z   z

vr=0 v=0 no cylinder no

gz =0
stationary acceleration symmetry acceleration

1   vz  p p p
 r  0 0
r r  r  z r  36
 Some simple calculus
vz is just a function of r
  vz  r p p is just a function of z  dvz  1 dp
r
r  r

  z vz dv
 z;
p

dp  d  r dr    dz  rdr
r dr z dz

dvz r 2 dp dvz r dp
r   c1  
dr 2 dz dr 2 dz
1 dp 1 dp 2
 dvz  2 dz  rdr  vz 
4 dz
r  c2
dvz
Boundary conditions:
r  0: 0  c1  0
dr
r  z 1 dp 2
r  R: vz  0  c2   R
4 dz
1  dp  2 2
vz     R  r 
4  dz  37
 For tensor lovers (1)
The scalar field   f ( x, y , z , t )
Three types of time derivatives:

Partial time derivative  / t : t
d    dx  dy  dz
   
Total time derivative d/dt : dt t x dt y dt z dt
D     
  vx  vy  vz
Substantial time derivative D/Dt: Dt t x y z

c dc c c dx c dy c dz Dc c c c c
      vx  vy  vz
t t t x dt y dt z dt Dt t x y z
x, y,z

Observe the concentration of fish Stay in a motor boat that is speeded Stay in a canoe that floats with the river
(c) as a function of time at a fixed around the river to observe the current to observe the concentration of
location. concentration of fish (c) as a function of fish (c) as a function of time.
 For tensor lovers (2)
Navier-stokes equation
   vx      xx  yx  zx p
   v x vx     v x v y     v x v z         gx
t x y z x y z x
(+ equivalents in the y and z directions)

Alternative notations: Scalar: , p

D  v vx gx
 p      g
Dt Density Vector: v  vy g  gy
Unit tensor
(scalar)
vz gz

  v       vv        p       g  xx  xy  xz
t
Tensor:    yx  yy  yz
Dot product
Velocity
(vector)
Differential
operator
Stress (second-order  zx  zy  zz
tensor)
39
 Computational fluid dynamics
Turbulent flow in water purification reactor

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting transport phenomena

(flow, heat and mass transfer), chemical reactions and related phenomena by
numerically solving the mathematical equations which govern these processes.
Navier-stokes equation for fluid flow Continuity equation for mass balance 40
 How CFD works?
 Mathematical description of the problem (conservation of
momentum, heat, mass transport and others),
 Simplified assumptions and input of fluid properties (e.g.,
steady-state, incompressible, two-dimensional), initial and
boundary conditions.
 Application of numerical methods by CFD (discretization) to
develop approximations of the governing equations in the fluid
region of interest.
– Governing partial differential equations are approximated by a set
of algebraic equations.
– The set of algebraic equations are solved numerically (on a
computer) for the flow field at each node or cell in the grid.
– System of equations are solved simultaneously to provide solution.
 Post-processing of the solution to extract quantities of interest
(e.g. velocity field, drag, heat transfer, pressure drop, etc.).
41
Computational fluid dynamics
Forces on the dinosaur

42
Computational fluid dynamics
Forces on the dinosaur

CW

43
Computational fluid dynamics
Fluid-structure interaction

Geometries and mesh near the top of

the structure at t = 0 s and 2s.

http://www.comsol.nl/showroom/animations/361/
44
Computational fluid dynamics
to improve Speedo swimsuits performance

45
 Lecture topics in Beek’s book
Lecture 2 Beek’s book (2nd version)
 General method for laminar flow (Slides 6-9)  Chapter II (II 1.2)
 Turbulent flow (Slide 10)  Chapter II (II 2.2)
Friction factor in round straight tubes
(Slide 11)
Friction factor for circular and non-circular
cross sections (Slide 15)
 The mass balance (Slides 20-23)  Chapter I (I.3)
The momentum balance (Slides 24-29)
The Navier-Stokes equation (Slides 30-33)
 Navier-Stokes equation; Example: Tube  No description
flow (Slides 34-37)
 For tensor lovers (Slides 38-39)  No description
 Computational fluid dynamics (Slides 40-45)  No description

46