This programme is dedicated

to all the TEACHERS,

who always strive for
the betterment of
their students

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 SGGPT,
SGGPT,ADB
ADB

SANJAY GANDHI
GOVERNMENT
POLYTECHNIC,
ADILABAD
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Mechanical Engineering
Department
presents
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 Introduction to
SCRIPT WRITING
FOR
EDUCATIONAL T.V.
PROGRAMME 4
 Concept & Presentation:

P. NIRANJAN RAO, M.Tech. (P.E.)

Head of Mechanical Engineering Section

DECEMBER, 2002
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 PART-ONE

INTRODUCTION TO
Ed-TV PROGRAMME

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 It develops
It EXPLORES
What is a certain
a Subject an SKILL
Ed-TV to carry out
Programme? a production
process

It develops a
TREATMENT It adds to
on a a viewer’s
TOPIC Store of
in a systematic KNOWLEDGE
and in a
organized particular
fashion field

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 •Uses the BEST
•Improves QUALITY
available teacher
of Education
•Gives LATEST
information on the subject
Why an
Ed-TV Programme? •Learning is not ROUTINE
& is not confined to the walls
of the class room

•Makes LEARNING •Meets the CHANGING NEEDS

more EXCITING of Education

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 TEACHER

Key Persons in making an

Ed-TV Programme

PRODUCER
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 Role of a TEACHER in
making an Ed-TV Programme

• SUBJECT EXPERT and carries out RESEARCH and gives RIGHT

kind of INFORMATION
• Decides the OBJECTIVES of the Programme
• Determines the APPROACH
• Arranges the content information in an ORGANIZED fashion
• Selects the available RESOURCES
• Writes the SCRIPT
• Helps the PRODUCER in DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT of
Programme
• Presents the PROGRAMME
• Obtains the FEED BACK
• EVALUATES the programme

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•Should not be DULL
(like class room lecture)
• Not to possess
ROUTINE treatment
•Capture the ATTENTION
of viewers

Requirements of an •Arouse & hold the

Ed-TV Programme INTEREST of viewers

•Be EXCITING & STIMULATING

•Be BRIEF
(not more than
•Be INVENTIVE & IMAGINATIVE
20 minutes duration)

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 PART - II

PRODUCTION
METHODS AND
TOOLS

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 The tools & formats
The production
methods
•Camera & its Elements
•Music, Sound & Lighting ;
their effects
Script writer •Visuals & Graphic ingredients
should know

The words used to

The method of indicating all
direct his programme these in an abbreviated form

Terminology pertaining to Camera

shots, angles, movement etc SCRIPT

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 VISUAL PRODUCTION METHODS

LIVE RECORDED
TV TV
PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

Programme is Programme is
transmitted recorded in video
while it is being tape and presented
produced later on
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 LIVE TV PROGRAMME

• Production continues without stopping

• Resources should be kept ready
• Pauses can not be introduced to move
from one scene to another
• No interruptions to give rest to
performer
SCRIPT REQUIRES INGENUITY
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RECORDED TV PRODUCTION
• Production is not continuous. It is done in
sequences as per convenience and is
recorded.
• The recorded sequences are put together
in proper order by Editing.
• Pauses can be introduced between scenes
• Performer can take rest between scenes
EDITING SHOULD BE PERFECT
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 TOOLS & DEVICES

SCRIP CAMERA
T

MUSI
C
VISUAL
LIGHTING AIDS 17
 CAMERA ELEMENTS
• CAMERA PLACEMENT
• LENS SELECTION

DISTANCE & ANGLE

of the scene from viewer can be varied

• CAMERA MOVEMENT
• ZOOM LENS OPERATION

VIEW POINT of the viewer

can be constantly changed 18
 CAMERA ANGLES
•LOW ANGLE
(Shooting up the scene)

•HIGH ANGLE
(Shooting down the scene)

•OVERHEAD
(Camera hung over the set)

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 CAMERA MOVEMENT
PAN DOLLY-IN

Turning Right & Left on Moving TOWARDS the

its base horizontally scene on is stand

TILT DOLLY-OUT

Moving Up & Down on Moving AWAY from

its base Vertically the scene on its stand
ZOOM
TRUCK
Operation of ZOOM lens
Moving Right & Left on ZOOM-IN (Towards the scene)
its base horizontally 20
ZOOM-OUT (Away from the scene)
BASIC CAMERA SHOTS
ECU
(Extreme close up)

CU
( Close up )

MCU
(Medium Close-Up)
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BASIC CAMERA SHOTS

MS
(Mid shot)

MLS
(Medium Long
Shot)

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BASIC CAMERA SHOTS

LS
(Long shot)

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 MUSIC & SOUND
MUSIC SOUND

To suggest an action which is

As transition between scenes
not shown
As a background to a scene
As a symbolic to suggest an idea
As a background to a
sequence of narration To indicate the locality of the scene

As a sting to point out a Should not be used indiscriminately

critical situation Use it only

•When sound gives more

Must be used Clarity/Reality to the scene
MODERATELY •When the viewer expects
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to hear the sound
 PART - III

BASICS
OF
SCRIPT WRITING

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 Written For Is divided into
target viewers Scenes & shots

Contains
Subject WHAT Simplifies
matter in production
IS A & reduces
words &
pictures SCRIPT? production
time

Gives detailed Thus,

Scene by Scene SCRIPT is the
instructions FOUNDATION for
for production Ed-TV PROGRAMME
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 Should be written for
Should have a viewers & NOT for readers.
Clear & specific ( It is not like a text book
OBJECTIVE writing )

Should be
REQUIREMENTS VISUALLY
Should satisfy STRONG.
the VISUAL & OF A GOOD
SCRIPT ( Words are
NARRATIVE to be
needs replaced by
of the viewer Pictures &
colours)

Should have a Should be BRIEF (not more than

language style as 20 minutes duration). If the
CONVERSATIONAL Topic is complex, it should be
broken into a No. of series. 27
 Identify the Plan the
target group Subject matter Prepare
content the draft

Review
APPROACH FOR the draft
SCRIPT WRITING

Select the
Format

Present the
Obtain feed back
programme
& Evaluate the
programme
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 TARGET
GROUP

• They are not a normal group of students assembled in

a class room
• They cannot experience the normal facilities of class
room students.
• They are isolated people.
• They are heterogeneous in their level of knowledge and interest.
• They are many in number (unlike fixed class room strength).

Average Age and Knowledge level:

I Year … 15 Years - No knowledge of Engg. Subjects
II Year… 16 Years - Some knowledge of I year subjects
III Year… 17 Years -More knowledge of I & II year subjects

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 Collect full information on Subject matter
Content (From Text books, Hand books,
Journals etc.)
Select a If required make on-site visits & obtain
topic photographs, video-clips. Have an interview
with specialists in site to get valuable information

Ensure accuracy of information

(Discuss with subject experts, colleagues etc)
Planning the
Subject matter Decide ‘What to present?’
content (As per Curriculum and
as per target group level)

Determine ‘How much to present?’

( Keep the script for a Programme of about
20 Minutes. If, the content requires more time
make it in 2 or more parts of a series.) 30

Plan the
TREATMENT
• Should not be dull &
end up boring the viewers
• Must be stimulating &
exciting.
• Use the audio & video
facilities imaginatively
(a) to catch up interest
of viewers
& confusion.
(b) to educate them
DRAFT
Use the
PREPARATION LANGUAGE
* Simple sentences
* Direct conversational type
* Informal approach
* No tongue twisters
* Clear and to the point
* Should call the attention of
viewers
( ex. ‘Look at the shape of the
gear teeth?’
* Do not incorporate too many
facts, figures, names or ideas
in a few sentences causing
* Add summarization, if
required.
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 REVIEW THE
DRAFT

• Re-read and make corrections

• Obtain expert’s opinion and

make necessary Changes.

• Speak out the content to record it into

an audiotape. Play the cassette and
note the changes to be made in the
STYLE, LANGUAGE, ORDER OF
DISSIMINATION OF INFORMATION etc

•Decide the PACE of presentation

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 SELECT THE
FORMAT
TYPES
(1) Lecture by the teacher
(Subject expert)
Using Writing board, O.H.P.,
Models, Charts, Visuals etc.,
(2) Demonstration
(for practical oriented lesson)
(3) Discussions
(Interviewing with a subject
expert)
(4) Showing the actuals in the
work spot (ex:-Turning operation
on a lathe m/c)
(5) Documentary type
CONSIDERATIONS
(1) Find what resources
and facilities are available
(ex:- if camera can not
be taken to the work
spot, avoid using the
option of showing the
actuals and use a model
or visual aid)
(2) Creating curiosity in the
viewers
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 PRESENTATION

TYPES

•Class room practice (direct teaching)

•Narrator introduces the subject, then goes to

audio-visual support to create interest and
stimulation

•Back ground narration (Documentary Type)

•Question and answer type ( Interview with an

expert)
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 Contains all details Final script for production
for shooting & direction

Prepared from
Verbal script Gives information
such as
CAMERA work
(shots, angles etc.)
SHOOTING TITLES & VIDEO effects,
SCRIPT MUSIC & SOUND effects,
Transition of SHOTS,
Duration for each shot
AUDIO information (Dialogs),
Should be FACILITIES required
WELL PLANNED
AND
PROPERLY STRUCTURED 35
 •Present the material •Use the words to support the visuals.
VISUALLY as far as possible •Words must be kept MINIMUM
•Avoid using longer words.

TIPS FOR
WRITING •Use simple & direct language
SHOOTING •SHORT sentences are more EFFECTIVE
SCRIPT •WRITE as you SPEAK

•Find out the knowledge level of the viewer and BUILD from that
•Develop Ideas LOGICALLY & convey information STEP BY STEP
•REPEAT the MAIN IDEA in different ways
•Don’t say too much in the given time
•Make one point at a time & don’t cover several activities simultaneously.
•Use pauses to allow the viewer to grasp the message

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 •Style must be INFORMAL & CONVERSATIONAL
•Speak to the viewer as if he is sitting before you
•Use PRESENT TENSE
•Try to sound PERSONAL
•Use ‘I’, ‘YOU’, ‘WE’ etc.
•Avoid faulty grammar & loose words
•Script is to be HEARD & not READ.
( Don’t adopt TEXT BOOK WRITING )

TIPS FOR •Look out for NEW ANGLE on the subject

WRITING •Read the script aloud & record it on audio
SHOOTING tape. Get a feel of TIMING, MESSAGE FLOW,
SCRIPT TRANSITIONS.
•Suggest suitable visuals, special Effects etc,

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 OPENING
PRESENTATION
•To begin the programme is very
critical.
• It should create curiosity.
Otherwise the viewer may stop
viewing the programme.
• Capture the attention of the viewer.
Indicate the TOPIC of programme
by employing a "Teaser" (Curiosity
arousing question) which the
programme answers.
Ex : The topic is “Indexing”
Open the script as follows:
“Can gears be cut on a milling
machine?”
“Yes. Gears can be cut on a milling
machine by Indexing.”
SCRIPT CONCLUSION
Summarize briefly
BODY giving the
important points.
1. Be clear to hold attention of the
viewer
2. Information should be supplied
gradually and methodically.
3. Choose your language.
Don't use sentences like
‘As you are already aware’;
‘I want to make it clear’;
‘It is a known fact’ etc.
4. Use conversational language
Avoid ‘can not’ ; ‘do not’ etc.,
Instead use “can't” ; “don't” etc.
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 SHOOTING
SCRIPT
FORMAT

Sheet with
6 column table

FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTRY TIME

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 MODEL SCRIPT
• TOPIC Types of Power transmission drives

• STEPS
•Collect full information about the types of drives;
(Belt drive, chain drive & gear drive)
•Prepare a verbal script in a logical order;
•Visualize ‘ how to present it’
-what actual parts to show; -what visual models to show;
-how to open the script ; - how to build up & how to conclude

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 MODEL SCRIPT

FRAME VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTRY TIME

No. (SECONDS)

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 MODEL SCRIPT

FRAME VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTRY TIME

No. (SECONDS)

01 Instru-
mental CU … 10
(EMBLEM) music

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 MODEL SCRIPT

FRAME VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTRY TIME

No. (SECONDS)

01 Instru-
mental CU … 10
(EMBLEM) music

02 -DO- CU …. 15
S.G. GOVT.
POLYTECHNIC,
ADILABAD

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 MODEL SCRIPT

FRAME VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

No. (SECONDS)
01 Instru-
mental CU … 10
music
(EMBLEM)

02 S.G. GOVT. -DO- CU …. 15

POLYTECHNIC,
ADILABAD

S.G. GOVT.
03 POLYTECHNIC, -DO- CU … 10
ADILABAD
presents

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 MODEL SCRIPT
FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

01 Instrumental …
(Emblem) music 10
CU

02 -DO- CU …. 15
S.G. GOVT.
POLYTECHNIC,
ADILABAD

03 S.G. GOVT. -DO- CU … 10

POLYTECHNIC,
ADILABAD
presents

04 -DO- CU … 10

(A MACHINE DRIVEN
BY MOTOR)

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 MODEL SCRIPT

FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

01 Instrumental …
(Emblem) music CU 10

02 S.G. GOVT. -DO- CU …. 15

POLYTECHNIC,
ADILABAD

S.G. GOVT.
03 POLYTECHNIC, -DO- CU … 10
ADILABAD
presents

04 -DO- CU … 15

05
-DO- CU … 15
(Title)

TYPES OF DRIVES FOR 46

POWER TRANSMISSION
 MODEL SCRIPT

FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

01 (Emblem) Instrumental CU … 10
music
02 -DO- CU …. 15

S.G. GOVT. POLYTECHNIC,

ADILABAD

03 S.G. GOVT. POLYTECHNIC,

-DO- CU … 10
ADILABAD
presents

04
-DO- CU … 10

05
-DO- CU … 15
TYPES OF DRIVES FOR
POWER TRANSMISSION

06 Fade out of MS “ How is power

music To transmitted from one 15
CU shaft to the other?”
ZOOM
-IN
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 MODEL SCRIPT
FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

07
…. CU “ It is done in 10
Three ways”

08

09

10

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 MODEL SCRIPT
FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

07
…. CU 10
“ It is done
in Three ways”

08 (Flour Mill) “ See how the

-DO- floor mill shaft is 15
MLS
Driven by a
motor.

09
-DO- CU
“It is done by a belt 15
Zoo connecting the
m-in
motor shaft to
(Focusing on rotating
machine shaft”
Pulleys & Belt)

“Therefore, a
belt drive can be 20
-DO- CU used for power
10 transmission”

49
 MODEL SCRIPT
FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

11
…. CU “ Now, look 10
at this bicycle!”

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 MODEL SCRIPT
FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

11
…. CU “ Now, look 10
at this bicycle!”

12

10
“ The rotating
Rotating MS Pedals
chain sound as
back ground
(Bicycle on stand with
rotating pedals & chain)
13 Zoo make the toothed
m-in wheel to rotate.
to This rotating 30
ECU toothed wheel, is
Do
connected by a
CHAIN

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 MODEL SCRIPT
FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

14 Zoom “to another small

out toothed wheel at
To the rear wheel.
CU
Do Look, how the
moving chain is 30
making the rear
toothed wheel to
rotate!”
15 “ Hence, a Chain
drive is also used
Do CU for power 20`
transmission”

16 “ Now, let us
observe how the
Do CU sugar cane juice is 15`
made”

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 MODEL SCRIPT

FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

17 “The juice is
obtained from
sugar cane”
Do MS
15

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 MODEL SCRIPT

FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

17 “The juice is
obtained from
sugar cane”
Do MS
15

18 “by crushing it in
the gap between
Do CU two rollers 45
rotating in
opposite
direction”
“ The rollers are
rotated by means
of two gears as
seen by you”
19 “ When one gear is
rotated, it makes the
Do ECU other gear to rotate 30`
in opposite
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direction”
 MODEL SCRIPT

FRAME No. VISUAL SOUND SHOT COMMENTARY TIME

19 ….
“ Thus”
CU 20

“a belt drive,”
20 Instrumental 10
music in low CU
sound as back
ground
“a chain drive”
CU
DO 10
21

CU “ and a gear
22
drive”
DO 10

“are used for

power
DO CU transmission” 20
23

The music CU …
24 THE END slowly 15
55
becomes louder
 SUMMARY
•Ed- TV Programme makes learning exciting and is an
important tool to meet the changing needs of Education
•Script writer is an important contributor to make the
Ed- TV Programme an effective one.
• The Teacher as a Script writer gives right kind of information
on the given topic.
•He shows creativity in presenting the programme visually
strong making it a very thrilling one.
•The script language is informal, direct, in simple sentences and
is a spoken language
•The shooting script indicates the various details of production
such as frame No., visual to be shown in the scene, type of
camera shot, sound & music effect to be used, the commentary
and the time duration for each shot. 56
THANK YOU

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