OPTOCOUPLER

• opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler,

photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a
component that transfers electrical signals
between two isolated circuits by using light
• Opto - isolators prevent high voltages from
affecting the system receiving the signal
• Commercially available opto-isolators
withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV
• Common type of opto-isolator consists of an
LED and a phototransistor in the same
package.
• opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of
light, almost always a near infrared light-
emitting diode (LED)
• It converts electrical input signal into light, a
closed optical channel (also called dielectrical
channel), and a photosensor, which detects
incoming light and generate electrical energy.
 SOLAR CELL
• A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an energy
harvesting technology that converts the energy
of light directly into electricity by
the photovoltaic effect.
• A photovoltaic cell is made of semiconductor
materials that absorb the photons emitted by
the sun and generate a flow of electrons.
• When these free electrons are captured, an
electric current results that can be used as
electricity.
• Photovoltaic cell essentially consists of a
silicon PN junction diode with a glass window
on top surface layer of P material is made
extremely thin so, that incident light photon's
may easily reach the PN junction.
• By joining these two types of semiconductors,
an electric field is formed in the region of the
junction as electrons move to the positive p-
side and holes move to the negative n-side.
• When light of a suitable wavelength is incident
on these cells, energy from the photon is
transferred to an electron of the
semiconducting material, causing it to jump to
a higher energy state known as the 
conduction band.
• In the excited state , these electrons are free
to move through the material, and motion of
the electron that creates an electric current in
the cell.
• In recent years, there has been increasing
interest in the solar cell as an alternative
source of energy.
• For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is specially
treated to form an electric field, positive on one side
and negative on the other.
• When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are
knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor
material.
• If electrical conductors are attached to the positive
and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the
electrons can be captured in the form of an electric
current -- that is, electricity.
• This electricity can then be used to power a load,
such as a light or a tool.