Introduction to Data

Communication Systems
and Networks

P KAIRA
 Objectives

Define Data Comm and Networking

Explain of Data Flow modes

Identify Data Transmission & Signaling

models

Transmission Component (Media)

Telecommunications
 Tele (Far) + Communications
 Early telecommunications
 smoke signals and drums
 visual telegraphy (or semaphore in 1792)
 Telegraph and telephone
 Telegraph (1839)
 Telephone (1876)

 Radio and television

 Telephony
 Voice and Data
 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term telecommunication means communication

at a distance. The word data refers to information
presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the
parties creating and using the data. Data
communications are the exchange of data between
two devices via some form of transmission medium
such as a wire cable.

1.4
What is Data Communications
 Electronic transmission of information that
has been encoded digitally with some
standard from one network (systems) to other
network (systems) via certain medium, knows
as Data Communication.
 Elements of Data Communication;
 Digital encoded
 Transfer of data / sender and receiver
 Specific medium
 Information / Data
What is Data Communications
A Communications Model
 Source
 generates data to be transmitted
 Transmitter
 Converts data into transmittable signals
 Transmission System
 Carries data
 Receiver
 Converts received signal into data
 Destination
 Takes incoming data
 Data flow
(simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.8
What is a Network
 a collection of hardware components, which
are interconnected by communication
channels that allow sharing of resources and
information with respect to certain set of rules
/ protocols via OS / software.
 Elements of Network;
 Hardware equipment
 Network OS / software
 Communication channel
 Information / Data / Recourse
 Protocols
What is a Network

Terminologies
 Data transmission process between
sender and receiver is refer to data
communication, and deployed physical
environment (hardware / software /
protocols / channel ) is network.
 Data: digital information over computer /
network, which may define with certain
type of file extension; like .doc, .ppt,
.pdf, .exe, and etc. File extension
dominate nature of data file
Terminologies
 Resource: all sharable / accessible items
over network, which may physical / virtual,
knows as resource. physical resource - may
be hard drive, printer, servers and etc. virtual
resource - may be data files, online
application, web site, internet and etc.
 Share Resource: a shared resource or
network share is a device / piece of
information means file / software or
application, on a computer that can be
remotely accessed from another computer.
Terminologies cont..

A Communications Model
 Channel: communication channel is a
medium on which resource can be access
over network and establish connectivity
between sender and receiver.
 Channel speed / network speed is depends
upon bandwidth.
 Communication Channels
 A channel is a path between two communication
devices
 Channel capacity: How much data can be passed
through the channel (bit/sec)
 Also called channel bandwidth
 The smaller the pipe the slower data transfer!
 Consists of one or more transmission media
 Materials carrying the signal
 Two types:
 Physical: wire cable
T1
T1
 Wireless: Air destination
lines
lines
network
server T3
lines

T1
lines
A Communications Model
 bandwidth - channel capacity.
 There are two types of channels;

 logical or virtual channel like; wireless, radio

frequency, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, and Bluetooth
 physical channel like; network cable, fiber
optic, electrical wire, and etc.
A Communications Model

A Communications Model
 Protocols: a communications protocol is
a system of digital message formats and
rules for exchanging those messages in
or between computer systems and in
network / telecommunications.
 Protocols regulate the following
characteristics of a network:
 access method, allowed physical
topologies, types of cabling, and speed
of data transfer.
 Communications and Networks
 Data Communications
 Transmission of signals
 Encoding, interfacing, signal integrity, multiplexing etc.

 Networking
 Topology & architecture used to interconnect devices
 Networks of communication systems
Communication Systems
 Process describing transfer of information, data, instructions
between one or more systems through some media
 Examples
 people, computers, cell phones, etc.
 Computer communication systems
 Signals passing through the communication channel can be
Digital, or analog
 Analog signals: continuous electrical waves
 Digital signals: individual electrical pulses (bits)
 Receivers and transmitters: desktop computers, mainframe
computers, etc.
Communication Systems
 Communications Components
 Basic components of a communication system
 Communication technologies
 Communication devices
 Communication channels
 Communication software
A Communications Model
Communications Tasks

Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management

Flow control
Data Communications Model
 Communication Technology
Applications

voice mail Twitter

instant
e-mail chat rooms
messaging

newsgroups telephony videoconferencing

collaboration groupware global positioning

system (GPS)
Serial and Parallel Transmission

 Serial: one wire, one bit per clock period*

1 0
One One
Bit in Bit in *For simplicity, we assume
Clock Clock binary transmission (2
Cycle Cycle states)
One Two
Slide 27 of 27
 Serial and Parallel Transmission

 Parallel
 N bits per second on N wires
 Parallel is faster than serial

1 1
1 1
0 0
Eight Bits Eight Bits
1 1
1
In Clock 1
In Clock
0 Cycle One 0 Cycle Two
0 0
0 0
Slide 28 of 27
Serial and Parallel Transmission

 Parallel Transmission
 N bits per second on N wires
 N=8 in this example
 N can also be 2, 4, 16, 32, etc.

1 1
1 1
0 0
1 1
1 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
Slide 29 of 27
Standards
 Importance
 Provide a “fixed” way for hardware and/or software systems
(different companies) to communicate
 Help promote competition and decrease the price
 Types of Standards
 Formal standards
 Developed by an industry or government standards-

making body
 De-facto standards
 Emerge in the marketplace and widely used

 Lack official backing by a standards-making body

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Standardization Processes
 Specification
 Developing the nomenclature and identifying
the problems to be addressed
 Identification of choices
 Identifying solutions to the problems and
choose the “optimum” solution
 Acceptance
 Defining the solution, getting it recognized by
industry so that a uniform solution is accepted

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Major Standards Bodies
 ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
 Technical recommendations for data communication
interfaces
 Composed of each country’s national standards orgs.
 Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)
 ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union –
Telecom Group
 Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and
data communications interfaces
 Composed of representatives from each country in UN
 Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)

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Major Standards Bodies (Cont.)
 ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
 Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making
body)
 www.ansi.org
 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
 Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards
 standards.ieee.org
 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
 Develops Internet standards
 No official membership (anyone welcomes)
 www.ietf.org

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Emerging Trends in Networking
 Pervasive Networking
 Integration of Voice, Video and Data
 New Information Services

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Pervasive Networking
 Means “Network access everywhere”
 Exponential growth of Network use
 Many new types of devices will have network
capability
 Exponential growth of data rates for all kinds
of networking
 Broadband communications
 Use circuits with 1 Mbps or higher (e.g., DSL)

Slide 35 of 36
Summary
 Data Communication
 Networks
 Data Flow models
 Data Transmission
 Standards

Slide 36 of 36
Question and Answer Session

Q&A

Slide 37 of 37