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Class content:

Principais pontos das aulas 6, 7, 8, 9, e

10

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PRONOMES, COESÃO E COERÊNCIA

O trabalho com coerência e coesão permite aos

educadores perceber os elos que contribuem na conexão
das palavras.
Enquanto que a coerência se dá através da relação entre
o texto e o contexto, a coesão se constrói na inter-
relação entre as partes do texto. Isso nos faz intercalar
ambas com o intuito de promover uma compreensão
textual.

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A cohesive text can be achieved by means of

　 　 * grammatical devices — such as tense and aspect,
reference, substitution, time or place relater and
parallel construction;
　 　 * lexical devices such as hyponymy, synonymy,
complimentarity, and metonymy and repetition;
　　 * logical connectors, such as "and", "but","in addition",
"that is to say", "in the same way", etc. 
If you are sensitive to these text cohesive devices while
you are reading, you will understand the text better.

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Pronomes Pessoais: I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They (Eu,
você, ele, ela, nós, vocês, eles/elas)

Pronomes Demonstrativos: This (Isto, Este, Esta) That

(Aquilo, Aquele, Aquela) These (Estes, Estas) Those
(Aqueles, Aquelas)

Pronomes Relativos: Who (Quem) That (Que) Which (Que)

Whose (De quem) When (quando) Where (Onde/Aonde)

Pronomes Interrogativos: Who (Quem) What (O Que/Qual)

Which (Que/Qual)

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Let us read the example below

The problem with text linguistics is that it is not easily

understood by most people.Text linguistics is a relatively new
field in linguistics that necessitates a shift in focus from the
word and sentence level to the whole text level.
In the first sentence, the noun group "text linguistics" appears
again in the second sentence which is repetition of the same
lexical item. This recurrence of the same lexical item adds to
the text's overall cohesiveness. It would be incoherent to
start talking about something else other than text linguistics
in the second sentence. 

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Synonyms
My favourite city in the world is San Francisco. The
capital is world renown for its clam chowder which
attracts tourists from all over the world.
In the second sentence "the capital" functions as a
synonym for city. Although the second sentence
could begin with "city" the synonym used adds word
variety to the text, helping the reader stay focused
and interested in the idea being discussed. 

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Pronouns

Baywatch is a TV show produced in America. It has

been translated into more than 150 languages.
In the second sentence "it" refers back to Baywatch.
It would be redundant to have the second sentence
begin with Baywatch. 
There are several other cohesive devices of course.
If you'd like to read about them I recommend Beyond
the Sentence by Macmillan (2005).

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MARCADORES
DO DISCURSO

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Outdoor activity injury statistics

More people are hurt snowboarding than any other outdoor
activity, accounting for a quarter of emergency room visits,
according to the first national study to estimate
recreational injuries. Trailing snowboarding are sledding and
hiking, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention report in the journal Wilderness and
Environmental Medicine. The most common problems were
broken bones and sprains, accounting for half of all cases. 

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"We want people to participate in outdoor recreational

activities. But we want people to recognize that there's cause
for concern and people can and do get injured," study co-
author Arlene Greenspan said Tuesday. She said injuries can
be avoided through planning and preparation: making sure
your fitness level and skills match the activity and using
proper equipment like helmets. 

Greenspan said the study is the first to look at injuries from

all activities, instead of individual sports or geographic areas.
The researchers looked at data on injuries from outdoor
activities treated at 63 hospitals in 2004 and 2005. They
calculated that almost 213,000 people annually were treated
for such injuries nationwide. About half of those injured are
young, between ages 10 and 24 and half of the injuries are
caused by Revisãofalls. 
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Males are injured at twice the rate of females, but the

research didn't look at the reasons. "It could be that males are
more risky or it could be that males just participate more
than females, or a combination of both," said Greenspan.
Nearly 26 percent of the injures were from snowboarding
followed by sledding (11 percent); hiking (6 percent);
mountain biking, personal watercraft, water skiing or tubing
(4 percent); fishing (3 percent) and swimming (2 percent). 

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Can a healthy lifestyle alter your genes?
Comprehensive lifestyle changes including a better diet and
more exercise can lead not only to a better physique, but also
to swift and dramatic changes at the genetic level, U.S.
researchers said on Monday. In a small study, the researchers
tracked 30 men with low-risk prostate cancer who decided
against conventional medical treatment such as surgery and
radiation or hormone therapy. 
The men underwent three months of major lifestyle changes,
including eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains,
legumes and soy products, moderate exercise such as walking
for half an hour a day, and an hour of daily stress
management methods such as meditation. As expected, they
lost weight, lowered their blood pressure and saw other
health improvements. But the researchers found more
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profound changes when they compared prostate biopsies

taken before and after the lifestyle changes. After the three
months, the men had changes in activity in about 500 genes --
including 48 that were turned on and 453 genes that were
turned off. The activity of disease-preventing genes increased
while a number of disease-promoting genes, including those
involved in prostate cancer and breast cancer, shut down,
according to the study published in the journal Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences. 

The research was led by Dr. Dean Ornish, head of the

Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito,
California, and a well-known author advocating lifestyle
changes to improve health."It's an exciting finding because so
often people say, 'Oh, it's all in my genes, what can I do?'
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Well, it turns out you may be able to do a lot," Ornish, who is

also affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco,
said in a telephone interview. "'In just three months, I can
change hundreds of my genes simply by changing what I eat
and how I live?' That's pretty exciting," Ornish said. "The
implications of our study are not limited to men with prostate
cancer." 

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Marcadores de discurso
são palavras usadas para
fazer a ligação de idéias
ou marcar o discurso em
um texto.

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Polysemy
Polysemy is the existence of
several meanings for a
single word or phrase. The
word polysemy comes from
the Greek words  poly-,
“many” and sêma, “sign”. In
other words it is the
capacity for a word, phrase,
or sign to have multiple
meanings i.e., a
large semantic field.  
 

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A word like walk is polysemous:

 
I  went walking this morning
We went for a walk last Sunday
Do you walk the dog every day?
I live near Meadow Walk Drive
the bedroom (move a large object by rocking).
She walks the tower (to haunt a place as a ghost).
The workers threatened to walk (to go on strike).
Walk with God! (to live your life in a particular way)
The wardrobe is too heavy to lift; we’ll have to walk it into
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Affixes
An affix is a letter or group of letters that is added to the
beginning or end of a word and changes its meaning. 

Examples:

healthy => un + healthy = unhealthy(un is the affix)

fear => fear + less = fearless 

(less is the affix)

There are two kinds of affixes: 

prefixes and suffixes.

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When the letter or group of letters is added to

the beginning of a word, we call it a prefix.

Examples:

unhappy

overconfident

Ultraviolet

underdeveloped

 
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When the letter or group of letters is added to the end of a

word, we call it a suffix.

Examples:

careful

secretly

greatness

teacher
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