Unit 5:

Mobile Telephony System

By
Dr.Ulhas S. Sonawane
 Content
 Introduction
 Basic concept of mobile communication
 Frequency bands used in mobile communication
 Concept of cell sectoring and cell splitting,
 Frequency reuse, handshaking, SIM number
 IMEI number, need for data encryption
 Architecture (block diagram) of mobile communication network
 Idea of GSM, CDMA, TDMA and FDMA technologies
 Simplified block diagram of mobile phone handset
 2G, 3G and 4G concepts.
 Introduction
Year Mobile radio communication system Development
1920 First mobile radio communication system in U.S.A. Available for police and emergency
services

1946 Mobile radio communication system in U.S.A. available for public

1949 Development of cellular concept by Bell Laboratories in USA

1970 Beginning of wireless (radio) communication era due to development of

 Highly reliable, small size, solid state radio frequency (RF) hardware
 LSI technology

1990 Implementation of first digital cellular system for the Global System for Mobile (GSM)

25 Million mobile users in Mobile user growth rate 50%

25K mobile users in 1984
1993 per year
 Basic concept of mobile communication

a) Large Cell with single Transmitter b) Small Cells with low power Transmitter

 Short wave analog or digital  Cellular System: Replacement of a single

telecommunication
 With wireless connection from a mobile
phone unit to relatively nearby
transmitter
high power transmitter by many low
power transmitters
 Each small cell provides coverage of
small portion of the large geographical
area
 Basic Cellular System
Cell-1

BS

Mobile
Public Telephone
Telephone Cell-2
Switching Office
Switching Office
(PTSO)
(MTSO)
BS

Cell-3

BS
Basic Cellular Network
 Basic Cellular Network

Mobile Unit Cell sites MTSO

 Connects call from mobile  Interface between cell sites and  Co-Ordinates all mobile call within
subscriber to another Mobile Telephone switching area
subscriber or telephone Office (MTSO)  Having number of cell sites and
network. central office
a) Cellular Processor:
Co-ordination to all sites
 Interface between zone office and
 Transmitter, Receiver and  Base Station (BS) controls all the telephone company
antenna system operations  Processing of calls
 Billing activities
b) Cellular Switch: Analog or digital
 Switching call from mobile subscriber
to telephone network
 Basic Cellular Network

Radio and High Speed Data Links

 Transmission of call and signal between MU and Cell site is through radio Link
 Data Links using microwave links. Microwave links transmit voice and data between cell site and MTSO
Signaling Paths

Voice Channel Control Channel

FCC  When user doing conversation  Transfer information like location,
Base Station (BU)

Operating status
Mobile Unit

RCC  Used even though mobile is not in used

Forward Control Channel (FCC)
Path from Base station to the mobile
Responsible for initiating the mobile call
For transmitting and receiving call
FVC
Reverse Control Channel (RCC) initiation and service request messages.
Path from mobile to Base station Set up channels
RVC
Forward Voice Channel (FVC)
Path from Base station to the mobile

Reverse Voice Channel (RVC) Responsible for voice transmission

Path from mobile to Base station
 Operation of Cellular System
1) Initialization of Mobile Unit
 Used self-location Scheme
 21 channels for Initialization of Mobile Unit
 As Mobile switched On, Scans for Forward control channel with strongest signal
 Continuous monitoring of that control channel till signal drop below useable level.
 Again searching for all control channels for strongest signal
 Disadvantage of self location scheme:- When call is from land line telephone then more time is
required for cell site to locate mobile unit.

2) Call Originated by Mobile

 Number by user in originating register.
 Mobile unit selects strongest channel through self location scheme.
 After send button by user, mobile unit sends a request for service to the cell site.
 After receiving the signal cell site select best directive antenna for the use of voice channel.
 Request signal by cell site to MTSO.
 Selection of suitable voice channel for the call.
 Linking of mobile unit to voice channel by cell site
 MTSO connects the telephone party through zone office of the telephone company.
3) Call Originated by the telephone
 Mobile number transferred to the telephone
company zone office.
 Mobile number transferred to MTSO.
 Paging signal to cell sites. Afterword cell site
sends page on set up channels.
 Mobile unit identifies own number. Then
mobile unit locks strongest set up channel.
 The mobile unit follows the instructions by
cell sites.
4) Call Termination
 Call terminated by any user
 If transmitter of mobile is turned off, then
signaling tone of long burst of 8 kHz frequency is
passed to the MTSO.
 Mobile unit enters in channel scanning procedure.
 If telephone party terminates call then release
message is sent to the mobile unit.
 The acknowledgment of tone of long burst of 8
kHz frequency is passed to the MTSO

5) Hand-off Procedure
 When a mobile user travels from one cell to another cell within a call’s duration the call should be
transferred to the new cell’s base station.
 Otherwise, the call will be dropped because the link with the current base station becomes too
weak as the mobile recedes
 Handoff is the process of transferring an ongoing active call from one cell to another as the mobile
unit moves through the coverage area of the cell
 This handoff operation not only involves identifying a new base station, but also requires that the
voice and control signals being allocated to channels associated with the new base station
Frequency bands used in mobile communication

 Total 666 channels

 Divided in Block A and Block B with 333 channel in each block
 Voice and setup (Control) Channels
 Total 624 Voice channels and 42 control channels

Block A Block B

1 312 313 333 355 666 334 354

Control Control
Voice Channels Voice Channels
Channels Channels
 Concept of Frequency Reuse

 Technique to improve efficiency of radio spectrum.

F0 F0
R R

C0 Frequency Reuse Basic Mechanism C1