Musculoskeletal Disorders

(MSDs)

Febriza Imansuri, MT

For:
Teknik Industri Otomotif
Politeknik STMI Jakarta
2020
Diskusi
Pengertian Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
Gejala/Symptom MSDs
Penyebab MSDs
Jenis-jenis MSDs
Faktor-faktor yang berisiko MSDs
Bagaimana mengontrol MSDs secara Ergonomis
Definition
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or
illnesses to soft body tissue such as:
 Muscles
 Nerves
 Tendons
 Ligaments
 Joints
 Cartilage
 Spinal Discs
Signs and Symptoms
 Numbness and burning
 Pain in the back, neck, shoulders, or wrists
 Reduced range of motion
 Tingling
 Cramping
 Weakness
 Eye strain
 Headaches
Caused by either:

 The work itself

 The employees' working environment.
 Fractures sustained in an accident.
 MSDs
Tension neck syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome

Rotator cuff tendonitis

Slipped disc DeQuervain’s
syndrome
Low back pain
Raynaud’s syndrome
Strained muscles
Carpal tunnel
and ligaments
syndrome
Sciatica Chondromalacia

Torn miniscus

Plantar fascitis
MSDs are the longest lasting injuries:
They damage workers’ health more than any
other type of injury in construction.

MSDs are the most costly injuries:

• They cause greater financial damage than any
other type of injury in construction
• Over 40% of worker compensation costs in
construction are due to MSDs.
Risk Factors for MSDs
• Force
• Vibration
• Repetition
• Extreme temperatures
• Awkward postures
• Work stress
• Static postures
 Areas that can create a risk include:
 repetitive and heavy lifting
 bending and twisting repeating an action too frequently
 uncomfortable working position
 exerting too much force
 working too long without breaks
 adverse working environment (e.g. hot, cold)
 psychosocial factors (e.g. high job demands, time
pressures and lack of control)
 not receiving and acting upon reports of symptoms quick
enough.
 Common Occupational MSDs

1. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

Associated by symptoms and signs, which
are caused by compression of the median
nerve travelling through the carpal tunnel.

Symptoms include:
experience numbness, tingling, or
burning sensations in the thumb and
fingers, particularly the index and
middle fingers, which are innervated
by the median nerve
Untreated Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
 Prevention of CTS
 If you do the same tasks with your hands over and over,
try not to bend, extend or twist your hands for long
periods.
 Don’t work with your arms too close or too far from your
body.
 Don’t rest your wrists on hard surfaces for long periods.
 Switch hands during work tasks, if possible.
 Take regular breaks from repeated hand movements to
give your hands and wrists time to rest.
 Don’t sit or stand in the same position all day.
 Ensure your chair is adjusted so that your forearms are
level with your keyboard and you don’t have to flex your
wrists to type.
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 2. Back Injuries/Pain

Causes:
 Heavy lifting from above the
shoulders
 Heavy lifting from below the
knees
 Twisting while lifting/carrying
 Bending over at the waist
 Carrying objects to one side

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 Protecting your Back

Lifting
 Avoid bending at the waist.
 Squat down with your back
straight and knees bent.
 Grasp the object.
 Bring it close to your body.
 Slowly rise.
 Let your thigh muscles do the
lifting.

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Protecting your Back

Standing

 Shift your weight slightly.

 Use proper footwear with cushioned insoles.
 Avoid high heels.
 Proper posture when standing:
shoulders not rolled forward, stomach area is pulled in,
small of the back is straight, hips not tilted

PPT-010-02
 Footwear

Which one gives the

best support if you do a
lot of walking/standing?

15
 Protecting your Back
Any ergonomic issues?
Sitting
 Use an adjustable chair with
lower back support.
 Keep knees in line with the hip
joints or slightly lower.
 Sit with the lower back firmly
against the chair back support.
 Shift elevation of the legs
during prolonged sitting.
 Avoid crossing your legs.
If prolonged sitting, back
will hurt without support.
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Protecting your Back

Lying down
 Lie on your side with your knees slightly bent.
 Use a pillow to elevate your head, keeping it in line
with your back.
 If you sleep on your back, place a pillow under your
knees to relieve lower back stress and promote
proper alignment.

Awkward position-could cause

ergonomic issues if in the position for
extended period

PPT-010-02
 3. Joint Disorders
 Joints include many
structures, such as tendons,
muscles, nerves and bones.
 Inflammation may be caused
by joint damage or repetitive,
heavy use.
 Repetitive or prolonged stair- or ladder-climbing, kneeling
or squatting, standing, carrying heavy loads and jumping
are work tasks that may be associated with lower-
extremity joint loading.
 Mechanical stresses associated with certain tasks can
cause degenerative joint disease.
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 Life Factors that influence the MSDs

1. Exercise
Proper exercise means:
• Improved health
• Stronger body
• Improved endurance
• Reduced stress
• Better range of motion

19
 Life Factors that influence the MSDs

2. Smoking

Effects of smoking:
Restricts blood vessels
Carbon monoxide in blood
Longer recovery from injury
Increased injuries from
vibration
Increased injuries from cold
Poor general health
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 Life Factors that influence the MSDs

3. Medication
Medication has the potential
to increase the risk of
MSDs if it:
 Lowers or raises normal
blood pressure
 Changes sense of balance
 Masks pain
 Relaxes muscles
 Affects blood circulation
 Affects eyesight
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 Ergonomic Controls of MSDs - Engineering

Engineering controls include changing, modifying

or redesigning of:
 Workstations
 Tools
 Facilities
 Equipment
 Materials
 Processes
22
 Ergonomic Controls of MSDs - Administrative
Administrative controls:
Procedures and methods that significantly reduce daily
exposure to WMSD hazards by changing the way in
which work is performed.

Examples:
 Employee Rotation
 Job task enlargement
 Adjustment of work place
 Redesign of work methods
 Alternative tasks
 Rest breaks
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 Ergonomic Controls of MSDs –
Work Practice Control
Work Practice Controls:
 Are behavior-based controls that change the manner in
which a job is performed
 Procedures for safe and proper work that are understood
and followed by managers, supervisors and employees
 Examples of work practice controls for WMSD hazards
include:
Safe work techniques and procedures
Conditioning period for new or reassigned employees
Training in the recognition of ergonomic hazards
Training in work techniques that reduce MSD hazard
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 Prevent, Prevent, Prevent!

 The bottom line: prevent accidents and

injuries from occurring.
 Ensuring your workstation is ergonomically
designed.
 All employees need to have a basic
understanding of ergonomics and should
report any ergonomic hazards to their
supervisor immediately.

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 Exercises – Knee Kiss

 Pull one leg to your chest, grasp with

both hands and hold for a count of five.

 Repeat with the opposite leg.

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 Exercises – Windmill

 Place your feet apart on the floor.

 Bend over and touch your right hand to your
left foot, with your left arm up.
27  Repeat with opposite arm.
 Exercises – Back Relaxer

 Bend down between your knees for as long as

you can.
 Return to upright position, straighten and relax.
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 Exercises – Pectoral Stretch

 Grasp your hands behind your neck and press your

elbows back as far as you can.
 Return to starting position, then drop your arms

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and relax.
 Exercises – Middle/Upper Back Stretch

 Raise your right arm and grasp it below the elbow with
your left hand.
 Gently pull your right elbow toward your left shoulder as
you feel the stretch.
 Hold for five seconds.
 Repeat with left arm.
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 Exercises – Side Stretch

 Interlace your fingers and lift your arms over your head,
keeping your elbows straight.
 Press your arms backward as far as you can.
 Slowly lean to the left and then to the right until you can
feel the stretching.
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 Exercises – Finger Stretch

 With palms down, spread your fingers apart as far as you

can.
 Hold for the count of five.
 Relax and then repeat.
32
 Exercises – Shoulder Roll

 Slowly roll your shoulders forward five times in a circular

motion using your full range of motion.
 Then roll your shoulders backward five times with the
same circular motion.
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Workstations/tasks evaluation
leading factors to MSD
Computer workstation
 Workstation/Task – Risk factors
Keyboard and Mouse
 Repetitive typing
 Wrist is not flat, forearms not parallel
with floor or shoulders are tensed when
using keyboard, mouse or other input
device.
 Wrist is deviated when using keyboard,
mouse or input device.
 Hard/sharp objects press into skin (e.g.
wrist, elbow or forearm resting on a hard
edge/surface).
Monitor placement and lighting
 Monitor screen not in the same level
with operator’s eyes
 Head tilted up/down, repeatedly or for a
long time, while working at desk.
 Improper lighting (Glare on monitor)
Body posture
 Prolonged sitting
 Inadequate clearance under desk for
legs.
Symptoms
• Pain or aching in wrists, forearms,
elbows, neck, or back followed by
discomfort
• Numbness, tingling or burning sensation
in hand or fingers
• Swelling or stiffness in the hand or wrist
• Tension stress headaches and other
stress disorders
• Dry, itchy, red or sore eyes
• Blurred or double vision
• Tight, sore neck and shoulder muscles
• Muscular weakness of numbness
• Static posture
• Low back pain due to poor posture
• Tightness through the external hip
rotators
Recommended computer workstation
to avoid MSD Monitor
• Position the monitor to minimize
glare by placing it at a right angle to
light sources or windows
• Place the monitor as far away from
you as possible while maintaining
the ability to read without
consciously focusing. Keep a
minimum distance of 20 inches.
• Place the center of the screen at a
15 degree down angle from your
eyes with your neck only slightly
bent holding your head
perpendicular to the floor.
• Align the monitor and the
keyboard / mouse
• Set the refresh rate at a minimum
of 70 Hz to limit flicker
 Chair
• Use arm rests.
• Place the lumbar support slightly below
the waist line.
• Adjust the height of the chair so your
feet can rest completely on the floor.
• Allow 1-3 inches between the edge of
the seat and the back of your knees.
• Use a high back chair that supports
your shoulder blades if at all possible

Mouse
• Place the mouse on the same level as
and immediately next to the keyboard
tray.
• Keep the mouse in the arc line of the
keyboard so that you can reach it when
rotating your arm from the elbow.
• Do NOT use a wrist rest while using the
mouse. Your forearm needs to be free
to move so you do not strain the wrist.
 Keyboard
• Position the keyboard slightly below the elbow
and at a negative angle to allow the wrists to
remain straight when you sit in a slightly reclined
posture
• Do NOT use a wrist rest while actively typing. It’s
meant to rest on not to lean on when working.
Hold your hands and arms off of any supports
while typing.

Lighting
• The office should be moderately bright
(20-50 foot candles or equal to a nice
day where sunglasses aren’t needed).
• Do not use task lighting for computer
work.
• A mix of incandescent and fluorescent
lights reduces flicker and provides good
light color.
Summary
Poor postures are either:
1. Repetitive
2. Prolonged, or
3. Forceful
or any combination of these, there may be a
risk of injury.
Summary
The basic principle is to think carefully about the
equipment and workstations that are provided and
how these may effect the users comfort and
efficiency.
If poor postures can be designed out, the risk of
discomfort and injury is reduced.
The better the posture (of your back, arms, neck),
the more comfortable and efficient the work and
thus the risk of MSD to occur will also decreased.