TURBINES

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

• A turbine is a rotary engine that
extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it
into useful work
Eg: steam turbine, gas turbine, hydraulic turbine

• Hydraulic Turbines transfer the kinetic energy

and potential energy of water into a rotation .

• We can generate electricity by coupling to

electric generator
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES:
1. BASED ON FLOW PATH

 Axial Flow
 Radial Flow
 Tangential Flow
 Mixed Flow
Classification of Hydraulic Turbines: Based on flow path

• Axial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: flow path of the liquid mainly

parallel to the axis of rotation. Eg: Kaplan turbine

• Radial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: liquid flowing mainly in a

plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

• Tangential Flow Hydraulic Turbines: liquid flowing mainly in a

plane tangential to the turbine. Eg: Pelton turbine
Classification of Hydraulic Turbines: Based on flow path

Mixed Flow Hydraulic Turbines: For most of the Hydraulic

Turbines used there is a significant component of both axial
and radial flows. They are called as Mixed Flow Turbines.

Francis Turbine is an example of mixed flow type, in Francis

Turbine water enters in radial direction and exits in axial
direction.
 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

2. BASED ON WORKING PRINCIPLE

• Impulse turbine

• Reaction turbine
Classification of Hydraulic Turbines: working
principle

• Impulse Turbine: The pressure of liquid does

not change while flowing through the rotor of
the machine.
• Pressure change occur only in the nozzles of
the machine. Eg : Pelton Turbine.
• The  energy  to  rotate  an  impulse  turbine  is
derived  from  the  kinetic  energy  of  the fluid
flowing  through  the  nozzles.
Classification of Hydraulic Turbines: working
principle

• Reaction Turbine: The pressure of liquid changes

while it flows through the rotor of the machine.

• The change in fluid velocity and reduction in its

pressure causes a reaction on the turbine blades.
Eg: Francis and Kaplan Turbines
Impulse turbine
PELTON TURBINE POWER PLANT
PELTON TURBINE
 Parts of pelton turbine
1. Nozzle with flow regulating arrangement
2. Runner with split buckets
3. Casing
4. Braking nozzle
Working Principle
 The Basic Working Principle

• When a high speed water jet injected through a

nozzle hits buckets of Pelton wheel; it induces
an impulsive force.

• This force makes the turbine rotate. The

rotating shaft runs a generator and produces
electricity.

• Pelton turbine transforms kinetic energy of

water jet to rotational energy
Governing in Pelton Wheel
REACTION TURBINE
Francis Turbine
 Francis Turbine:

1.Penstock: It is a large size pipe which conveys water from the

upstream to the dam/reservoir to the turbine runner.

2.Spiral Casing: It constitutes a closed passage whose cross-

sectional area gradually decreases along the flow direction;

area is maximum at inlet and nearly zero at exit.

3.Guide Vanes: These vanes direct the water on to the runner

at an angle appropriate to the design, the motion of them is

given by means of hand wheel or by a governor.

4. Governing Mechanism: It changes the position of the
guide blades/vanes to affect a variation in water flow
rate, when the load conditions on the turbine change.

5. Runner and Runner Blades: The driving force on the

runner is both due to impulse and reaction effect

6. Draft Tube: It is gradually expanding tube which

discharges water, passing through the runner to the tail
race.
 WORKING
• Francis turbine operates under medium heads.

• Water is brought down to the turbine through a

penstock and directed to a number of stationary
blades fixed all around the circumference of the
runner.

• These stationary blades are called as guide vanes.

• Water under pressure, enters the runner from the

guide vanes towards the center in radial direction and
discharges out of the runner axially.
 Due to the difference of pressure between guide vanes
and the runner (called reaction pressure), the motion of
runner occurs.

• As the water flows through the runner its pressure and

angular momentum reduces, This will produce a reaction
force on the runner blades.

• The pressure at inlet is more than that at outlet.

• The moment of runner is affected by the change of both

the potential and kinetic energies of water.

• After doing the work the water is discharged to the tail

race through a closed tube called draft tube
Kaplan Turbine:
• Kaplan turbine water flows parallel to the axis of
rotation of the shaft.
• It is a axial flow reaction turbine
• It is suitable when large quantity of water at low
head is available.
• Main parts are
1. Guide vanes
2. Hub with vanes or runner of the turbine
3. Draft tube
• For kaplan turbine shaft of the turbine is
vertical
• Lower end of the shaft is made larger called
HUB or BOSS
• The vanes are fixed on the hub & hence it acts
as a runner.
• The vanes of the hub are adjustable for kaplan
turbine
SL NO IMPULSE TURBINE
1 Impulsive force is rotating the
turbine
2 Pressure of liquid is decreasing in
nozzle before entering to turbine
3 Blades are of symmetrical profile
4 The size of turbine is small for the
same power output
5 Whole pressure energy of water is
converted into kinetic energy
before passed onto turbine wheel
6 Water discharges directly from
turbine wheel to tail race
7 Pressure of water will be
atmospheric as it flows over
moving blades
REACTION TURBINE
Reaction force is rotating turbine
Pressure decreases as it flows over
the blades
Blades having aerofoil profile
Size of reaction turbine is large for
the same power output
Part of pressure energy only
converted to kinetic energy
Water discharges into a draft tube
then it is finally discharged to tail
race
Pressure of water continuously
decreases as it flows over the
blades
PUMPS
 HYDRAULIC PUMPS
• A pump is a device used to transfer fluids from
lower elevation to higher elevation.
• The hydraulic machines which convert the
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are
called pumps.
• The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure
energy. This pressure energy is converted into
potential energy, as the liquid is lifted from a
lower level to a higher level.
 Uses of Pumps
• Used for irrigation purposes and in chemical industries,
petroleum industries, etc.
• Used to feed the water into the boiler (called Feed
Water Pump) in power plants.
• Used to circulate water in the condenser
(called Condensate Pump)
• Used to remove the condensed steam from the
condenser (called Condensate extraction Pump)
• Used to transfer the oil from the reservoir to its proper
place in I.C. Engines.
• Used to force the lubricating oil into the moving or
rotating parts of I.C. Engines.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
Pumps are broadly classified into
1. Positive- displacement pumps
2. Rotodynamic pumps

• Positive- displacement pumps: They make a fluid move

by trapping a fixed amount and displacing the trapped
volume into the discharge pipe. Discharge is directly
proportional to speed.
Eg : Reciprocating pump, Vane pump, Gear pump
• Rotodynamic pumps: It is a machine in
which energy is continuously imparted to
the pumped fluid by means of a rotor
and thus fluid is raised to higher
elevation.
Eg: Centrifugal pump
RECIPROCATING PUMP
• During the motion of piston from left to right a
partial vacuum created inside the cylinder.
• Because of this low pressure water will rise
from well through suction tube and fill the
cylinder by forcing to open the suction valve.
This operation is known as suction stroke.
(motion of piston from left to right).
• In this stroke crank rotates θ=0˚ to θ=180˚.
Also delivery valve will be closed and suction
valve will be open during this stroke.
• When the crank rotates from θ=180˚ to θ=360˚
piston moves inwardly from position right to
left.
• Now piston exerts pressure on the liquid and
due to which suction valve closes and delivery
valve opens.
• The liquid is then forced up through delivery
pipe. This stroke is known as delivery stroke.
Now the pump has completed one cycle. The
same cycle repeated as the crank rotates.
• Crank is rotated by means of an electric motor
• Movement of piston is obtained by connecting
it to the crank by using a connecting rod
• Suction and delivery valves are one way or
non return valve
Discharge through a reciprocating pump
 ALN
Qth 
60

Power delivered by pump

w( ALN )( H s  H d )

60
 Centrifugal pumps
• A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that
converts mechanical energy to hydraulic
pressure energy. It uses a rotating impeller to
increase the pressure of a fluid.

• The fluid enters the pump impeller along or

near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by
the impeller, flowing radially outward
 COMPONENTS
• Impeller- it is a wheel or rotor which is
provided with a series of backward curved
blades or vanes. It is mounted on a shaft
which is coupled to an electric motor.
• Volute casing- it is an air tight chamber which
surrounds the impeller.
• Suction pipe- it is a pipe which connected to
the inlet of pump. The other end is dips into
water in a sump or well. Foot valve and
strainer are connected to it.
• Delivery pipe- it is a pipe which connected to
the outlet of pump and it delivers the water
into the required height.
• Delivery valve- controls the flow from pump to
delivery pipe
 WORKING
• The first step is priming.
• Priming is the process of filling the water in
suction pipe, casing and portion of delivery
pipe up to delivery valve. So that all air from
this portion is driven out
• Pressure generated in a pump impeller is
directly proportional to the density of fluid
that is in contact with impeller.
• So if air is there, only negligible pressure
would produced with the result that no liquid
will be lifted up.
• After the pump is primed, electric motor
started to rotate the impeller.
• Due to rotation impeller rotation, produces a
vortex which imparts a centrifugal head to
liquid. Then the liquid starts to flow in an
outward radial direction thereby leaving the
vanes of impeller.
• At the centre of impeller a partial vacuum is
created , causes the liquid from sump or well to
rush through suction pipe to the eye of
impeller.
 Power delivered by pump

power given to shaft
gQ( H s  H d )

power given to shaft
THANK YOU