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Animal Nutrition and

Feeds

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What is Nutrition?
Nutrition is the science of dealing
with the utilization of food by the
body processes which transform
food into body tissues and energy.

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To obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffs
and convert them to desirable products such as meat,
milk, eggs, fiber and work.

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What is a Nutrient?
A single class of food or group of
like foods that aids in the support of
life and makes it possible for
animals to grow or provide energy
for physiological processes.

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Digestible Nutrient
The portion of the nutrient which
may be broken down (digested) and
absorbed and used by the body.

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The Six Nutrients Needed
• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Water

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Protein is needed for the following

1. Developing and repairing body organs

2. Producing milk, wool, and eggs

3. Generating enzymes and hormones

4. Developing antibodies

5. Transmitting DNA

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Proteins
 Needed for growth and repair
 Helps form muscles, internal organs,
skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and
horns
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
and nitrogen

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Proteins
 Complex nutrients, composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen
Examples of Proteins
1. Meat and Bone Meal
2. Fish Meal
3. Soybean Meal
4. Cottonseed Meal
5. Dried Skim Milk
6. Amino Acids

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Proteins
What are proteins?
 Organic compounds that
are made up of amino
acids

 Amino acids are the


building blocks of
proteins

 Most expensive part of


animal ration
Proteins

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

1. Non-Essential Amino Acids

– Needed by animals

– Are synthesized by the body from other


A.A.’s and do not have to be provided
Proteins
What are the 2 types of amino acids?

2. Essential Amino Acids

– Cannot be made from other A.A.’s

– Must be provided in the diet

– Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided


Proteins
What are the 2 sources of proteins?

1. Animal Proteins
– Meat and Bone Scraps
– Blood Meal
– Fish Meal

2. Vegetable Proteins
– Soybeans
– Peanut Meal
– Hay
– Pastures
Proteins
Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant
Protein Source

Which is a better source?


Animal Proteins

Why?
They contain a good balance of the
essential amino acids
Carbohydrates
• Furnish energy for body functions, growth
and reproduction
• The largest part of the animal’s food supply
and usually the fibrous part of the diet
• Include sugars, starch and cellulose
•Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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Carbohydrates
 Contain the chemical elements
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Made up of a group of chemicals
called sugars, starches and crude
fiber
Energy Nutrients- Carbs

There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what


are they?
1. Simple Carbs
– Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s)
– Consist of sugars and starches
– Supply immediate energy
– Come from cereal grains
Energy Nutrients- Carbs
There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what
are they?
2. Complex Carbs
– Known as fiber
– Consist of cellulose and lignin
– More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s
– Fiber is found primarily and roughages such
as hay and pasture plants.
– Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard
grass, and bluegrass.
Fats
• Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to
2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do
• Form cholesterol, steroids and other body
compounds
• Found in every cell in the body
• Affect the condition of skin and hair
• Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but
contain much larger proportions of carbon and
hydrogen than carbohydrates do
• They also provide energy reserves, protection for
vital organs, and they insulate the body
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Fats
 Made up of the same chemical
elements as carbohydrates but in
different combinations
Continued…

 Fats are needed for:

1. Providing energy

2. Absorbing fat soluble vitamins

3. Providing fatty acids


Minerals
 Primarily found in bones and teeth
 Important in blood for the carrying of
oxygen
 Regulates heartbeat with potassium,
sodium
and calcium

Example: Calcium Formation


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Found
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in rocks
Minerals
 Like vitamins however they support
materials needed for building the
skeletal system
 Also, producing body regulators
such as enzymes and hormones.
Minerals

What are minerals?

 Inorganic substances that animals


need in small amounts

 Minerals contain no carbon


Minerals
What are some functions of minerals?

1. Provide material for growth of:


– Bones, Teeth, and Tissue

2. Help with muscular activities

3. Reproduction

4. Digestion of feed
Minerals

Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what


are they?

1. Major (macro) Minerals

2. Trace (micro) Minerals


Minerals- Major
 Needed in large amounts

 7 Macro Minerals
– Calcium

– Phosphorus

– Sodium

– Chlorine

– Potassium

– Sulfur

– Magnesium
Minerals- Major

What are the most common major


minerals animal rations lack?
 Sodium

 Calcium

 Phosphorous
Minerals- Major
Sodium
 Functions:
– Maintain osmotic pressure in cells
– Muscle and nerve activity

 Deficiencies:
– Reduced appetite
– Rough hair coat
– Cannibalism in chickens
– Dirt eating
Minerals- Major
Calcium
 Functions:
– Bone development
– Nerve and muscle function

 Deficiencies:
– Rickets- in young animals bones are soft,
bend easily, and are malformed
Minerals- Major
Phosphorus
 Functions:
– Bone and Teeth Development
– Appetite

 Deficiencies:
– Rickets
– Stiffness in joints
– Loss of appetite
Minerals- Trace
 Needed in small amounts
– Sulfur
– Magnesium
– Iron
– Iodine
– Copper
– Cobalt
– Zinc
– Manganese
– Boron
– Molybdenum
– Fluorine
– Selenium
• Are only needed in small amounts
• Are essential for life and health
• Provide a defense against disease,
promote growth and reproduction
• Contribute to the general health of
the animal

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Vitamins

 Are organic substances required in


very small amounts
 Are necessary for biochemical
reactions within the body.
Vitamins

What are vitamins?

 Trace organic compounds needed in small


amounts by animals

 Needed for development of normal tissues


and for health, growth and maintenance
Vitamins
Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are
they?
 Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K)

– Dissolved in fat

 Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex)

– Dissolved in water
This Vitamin is associated
with EYESIGHT

What am I?

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Vitamin A
 Function:
– Vision
– Conception Rates
– Disease Resistance

 Deficiencies:
– Night Blindness
– Blindness in calves
– Reproductive problems
This Vitamin is associated
with BONES

What am I?

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Vitamin D
 Function:
– Bone Development
– Growth

 Deficiencies:
– Rickets (young animals)
– Osteomalacia (older animals)
This Vitamin is associated
with REPRODUCTION

What am I?

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Vitamin E
 Function:
– Reproduction
– Muscle Development
– E and Selenium together help immune
system

 Deficiencies:
– Reproduction failure
– Muscular dystrophy
This Vitamin is associated
with BLOOD

What am I?

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Vitamin K

 Function:
– Blood Clotting

 Deficiencies:
– Blood doesn’t clot fast
Vitamins
What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?

 Green Leafy Hay

 Yellow Corn

 Cod Liver

 Fish Oils
This Vitamin is associated
with TEETH/BONES

What am I?

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Vitamin C

 Function:

– Formation of teeth and bones

– Prevents infections
This Vitamin is associated
with APPETITE

What am I?

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B- Complex

 Function:
– Appetite

– Growth

– Reproduction
Vitamins

What are some sources of water-soluble


vitamins?
 Green Pastures and Hay

 Cereal Grains

 Milk
Water

 Water is in every cell of the animal


 It is more important than any other
nutrient group
 The composition of an animals
blood is 90-95 percent water
1. Drinking Water
How much water do mature, non-stressed
animals need?
Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day

Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day

Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day

Horses= 10-14 gal/hd/day


2. Water Within The Feed

 Grains can range from 8% to 30% water

 Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay


to more than 90% water in lush young
grass
3. Metabolic Water

 Water produced by the body during


chemical reactions

 5-10% of total water intake


Water Loss
How is water lost from the animals body?
1. Urine

2. Feces

3. Sweat

4. Milk production
Water Deficiencies
What happens if animals are deprived of
water?
1. Reduced feed consumption
– Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27%
– Reduces feed efficiency by 33%
– Reduces weight gain by 50%
2. Weight Loss

3. Water Intoxication
– 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to
50% of body weight in ½ hour
4. Death
http://www.youtube.com/w

atch?v=SAUw9GO6tgE
Questions?

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FEED
CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Roughages
2. Concentrates
3. Supplements

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ROUGHAGES
•High in fiber and relatively low in
digestible nutrients
Examples of roughages:
1. Alfalfa
2. Clover
3. Soybean
4. Oat hay
5. Corn Silage
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Concentrates
• Are low in fiber and high in
digestible nutrients
Examples of concentrates:
1. Corn
2. Cottonseed
3. Barley
4. Oats
5. Sorghum
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Supplements
• Supplements are extras that supply the body
with additional nutrients.

• Some supplements are minerals, salt, copper,


iodine and iron
• Vitamin A and D are also very important to
ruminant animals

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Salt Copper Iron

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