SEGMENTATION (MORULA

AND BLASTULA)
GROUP I :
YELSHA RAMADHILA (1510424011)
YOLANDHEA FIRDANASARI (1510424015)
KHAIRANI RAHMAH TAMARA (1610421005)
Egg Activation
• A series of morphological, physiological, and
molecular changes that occur in the egg in
response to fusion of the sperm with the egg.

• Egg activation accomplish

1. Frees egg from constraints that kept it from
developing prior to fertilization
2. Prepares the egg for development.
Egg Activation
1. Egg activation does not require the sperm
nucleus
2. In some species, just pricking the egg with a
needle, shocking it, or simply change the pH
of the solution it’s in will cause activation
3. In some species eggs that are activated this
way will start to develop. Thus we have a
mechanism that could allow for selection of
parthenogenesis.
 The seven events that characterize egg activation
following fusion of the sperm with the egg

1. Release of Ca++ (calcium) stored in the egg

endoplasmic reticulum – appears to be the critical
step in the process.
2. Cortical reaction – rupture of cortical granules that
occurs concurrently with the Ca++ release.
Contents of granules are released into perivitelline
space and cause “hardening” of the vitelline
membrane or zona pellucida. Causes
vitelline/fertilization membrane to rise away from
surface of egg in some species.
3. In many species, an influx of Na+ (sodium) into the
egg of cytoplasm that cause a change of
membrane potential – fast block to polyspermy.
4. In many species a reorganization of the egg
cytoplasm.
5. In most cases, completion of meiosis by the egg.
6. An efflux of H+ (hydrogen) ions causing an increase
in cytoplasmic pH – this activates previously
inhibited synthetic pathways.
7. Increase in metabolism – zygote gears up for
development.
Events that occur soon after egg activation :

1. DNA replication as male and female

pronuclei approach each other.
2. Male and female pronuclei merge.
3. Preparation for first cleavage.
 Factors Affecting Cell Division Patterns (Cleavage)

1. The number and distribution of yolk - Eggs that

contain a lot of yolk and uneven spread will cause
blocking of cell division.
2. The presence of cytoplasm (ribosomes and
centrioles), which greatly affect cell division. In
some zygotes the multicellular animals of the
cytoplasm are also present in one pole zygote
(animal pole), so cell division at this pole runs
faster when compared to other poles (vegetal
poles).
 Variations of Cleavage Patterns

The difference begins with the first division that

determines whether the first two cell divisions will be
uniform or not in the size and type of cell cytoplasm
portion that will be received. There are two major
animal relatives that differ in the pattern of cleavage.
1. Most bilateral invertebrates are protostome that have
spiral cleavage.
2. Echinoderms and all vertebrates are included
deuterostome and undergo radial division.
3. Mammals have different cleavage patterns called
rotational cleavage.
Types of Zygote Cleavage
Zygote Cleavage Patterns
• Radial cleavage is characteristic of the
deuterostomes, which include some vertebrates
and echinoderms, in which the spindle axes are
parallel or at right angles to the polar axis of the
oocyte.
• For spiral most of it undergo equal spiral cleavage,
although some undergo unequal cleavage. This
group includes annelids, molluscs, and sipuncula.
Cleavage on Sea Urchin
Cleavage on Amphibians
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