SOCIETY IDEOLOGICALLY AND SOCIALLY • THE GREAT PHILOSOPHER SOCRATES EMERGED DURING THE PROCESS BIOGRAPHY
• LIFE 469- 399 BC
• ORIGIN ATHENS (ATHENS WAS A DEMOCRATIC STATE. SOCRATE WAS ALSO INFLUENCED BY DEMOCRACY) • EDUCATION PRELIMINARY EDUCATION FROM FATHER LATER ON FROM GREEK TEACHERS • PROFESSION SCULPTOR، MISSIONARY AND TEACHER • WAR SCIENCE ALTHOUGH HE WAS SCULPTOR BUT HAD ACQUAINTANCE OF WAR SCIENCES. THAT’S WHY, SOCRATES NOT ONLY SAVED HIS GREAT GENERAL ALCIBIADES IN THE BATTLE OF POTIDAEA 432BC BUT PLAYED PIVOTAL ROLE TO DEFEAT CORINTHIANS (OPPONENTS OF ATHENIANS). • ACADEMIC STATUS HE HAD UNIQUE STATUS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE. • POLITICAL SCIENTISTS- SOCRATES WAS THE GODFATHER OF WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHTS • SOPHISTS AND SOCRATES SOCRATES GOT INSPIRATION FROM THE SOPHIST EDUCATION. BUT HE ADOPTED HIS OWN DIFFERENT STYLE. • SOCRATES METHOD OF TEACHING; ELENCHUS, ELENCTIC METHOD, OR SOCRATIC DEBATE), IS A FORM OF COOPERATIVE ARGUMENTATIVE DIALOGUE BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS, BASED ON ASKING AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS TO STIMULATE CRITICAL THINKING AND TO DRAW OUT IDEAS AND UNDERLYING PRESUPPOSITIONS. • SOCRATE AND GOVT HE HAD DIFFERENT VIEW THAN GREECE. ACCORDING TO HIM; EDUCATED PHILOSOPHERS SHOULD BE IN GOVT OVER FEUDAL LORDS. HE PERCEIVED PHILOSOPHER KING AS AN IDEAL RULER. • ADVOCATE OF MIND (THOUGHT PROCESS). “ON EARTH THERE IS NOTHING GREAT BUT MAN. IN MAN THERE IS NOTHING GREAT BUT MIND” • CONVINCED OF MORALS AND VALUES SOCRATES WAS CONVINCED OF MORALS AND VALUES AND GAVE IMPORTANCE IT IN POLITICS TOO • REALIST HE WAS A REALIST PHILOSOPHER. HE ACQUAINTED IT FROM GREEK SOCIETY. BECAUSE GREECE WERE IN QUEST OF TRUTH AND REALITY. • SOCRATES ALWAYS ACCEPTED THINGS AFTER SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION. SOCRATES VIEWS ABOUT KNOWLEDGE
• HE PRESENTED THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE TAKING
INSPIRATION FROM GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND CIVILIZATION. • VIRTUE IS KNOWLEDGE ANY ACT WHICH HAS ELEMENT OF WELFARE. VIRTUE IS KNOWLEDGE • VIRTUE IS ACTIONABLE IT IS TRABSFERABLE AND EASY TO ACT UPON. • SCIENCE IS KNOWLEDGE HE NAMED SCIENCE AS VIRTUE. ACCORDING TO HIM, SCIENCE IS BEYOND THE DOUBTS LIKE VIRTUE THINGS WHICH ARE TESTED BY BRAIN AND HEART, THAT IS SCIENCE. MAN SHOULD TAKE IT. • VIRTUE IS REALITY PARTS OF KNOWLEDGE
• REAL KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE BASED ON FACTS AND
BEYOND DOUBTS COULD BE TRUSTED AND ACTIONABLE. HE WAS ABLE TO FIND VIRTUE, TRUTH AND REALITY FROM KNOWLEDGE. • UNREAL KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE BASED ON SUPERSTITIONS AND IMAGINATIONS. IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ACT UPON IT. IT IS UNRELIABLE TOO. • SOCRATES OFTEN USED TO QUOTE; “ONE THING ONLY I KNOW THAT I KNOW NOTHING”. • INDICTMENT ON SOCRATES SOCRATES’S EDUCATION INFLUENCED YOUTH. THE RULING CLASS DISLIKED AND SENSED THAT SOCRATES WOULD ENDANGER THEIR POWER. THEY INDICTED THE SOCRATES, “THE CORRUPTER OF YOUTH”. • SOCRATES AND COURT SOCRATES DEFENDED ALL THE ALLEGATIONS IN COURT VALIANTLY. HE GAVE WELL GROUNDED ARGUMENTS BUT COURT REJECTED HIS ARGUMENTS. • PUNISHMENT TO SOCRATES COURTS PROVED FALSE ALLEGATIONS AND ORDERED THE DEATH PENALTY BY DRINKING HEMLOCK (A HERBAL POISON). • ESCAPE ADVICE HIS PUPIL GAVE HIM ADVICE TO ESCAPE. • REFUSED TO VIOLATE LAW HE PREFERRED TO OBEY STATE LAW. • DEATH 70 YEARS. PREFFERED DEATH AND SACRIFICED LIFE OVER RULES • LAST WORD. URGED ATHENIAN TOWARDS TRUTH AND VIRTUE. PLATO WAS STAUNCH ADVOCATE OF SOCRATES’ EDUCATION. HE WAS PUT TO DEATH DUE TO CONFRONTATION WITH FEUDAL LORDS. HIS TEACHINGS PROVED BASES FOR “EDUCATED KING”. HE DIRECTED PPOLITICAL SCIENCE TOWARDS TRUTH, REALITY.
David M. Schneider, Richard Handler-Schneider On Schneider - The Conversion of The Jews and Other Anthropological Stories-Duke University Press (1995) PDF