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Gingival tissue
Constantly subjected to mechanical trauma and
bacterial aggression
Epithelial barrier
Orogranulocytes
Saliva
Epithelial barrier
Barrier between body and environment
Stratified epithelia
Tight cell adhesion
Retain dead keratinized squames
Epithelial barrier
• Keratinized epithelia with cornified cell envelop
provide critical barrier
• Acute, chronic and neonatal stress effects the mucosal
barrier by increasing the permeability of epithelial
tight junction
• Junctional epithelium forms first line of defense
against microbial invasion into the tissues
• Constant and rapid cell turnover is an important factor
to remove bacteria adhering on them
• Active antimicrobial substance such as defensins,
lysosomal enzymes,chemokines released by junctional
epithelium in response of microorganism activates
defense cells.
Gingival Crevicular fluid Inflammatory
Transudate
exudate
Inflammatory Exudate
Intra crevicular
Extra crevicular
Twisted threads
Micropipettes
Intracrevicular Washings
Absorbent Paper strip
These strips are placed within the
sulcus (Intrasulcular method) or at its
entrance (Extrasulcular method). The
placement of filter paper strip in relation
to the sulcus or pocket is important.
The Brill technique places it into
the pocket until resistance is
encountered.
DISADVANTAGE ---- This method
introduces a degree of irritation of the
sulcular epithelium than can, by itself
trigger the oozing of fluid.
Disadvantages
Collection of fluid
Obtaining sample
Gingival washings
Method given by Skapski and Lehner, 1976
Hamilton’s microsyringe
10 l of Hanks balanced solution
Compounds found permeable to junctional and sulcular
epithelium
[Brill and krasse (flourecein dye)]
Albumin
Endotoxin
Thymidine
Histamine
Phenytoin
• Bacteria
• Desquamated epithelial cells
• leukocytes(PMN’s, Lymphocytes, Monocytes/ macrophages)
• erythrocytes
Electrolytes:
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
It has been estimated that 30,000 neutrophils per minute enter the
oral cavity via gingival sulcus through the junctional epithelium
surrounding the teeth.
These viable nutrophils present in saliva are termed as
orogranulocytes or salivary corpuscles.
Orogranulocyte migratory rate(OMR) is said to be increased with
increasing severity of gingival inflammation.
Saliva
It’s a physiologic secretion by various major and minor
salivary glands
2. Organic factor
1.Inorganic factors;
Carbon dioxide
2.Organic factors; includes enzymes like
Myelperoxidase:
Released by leukocytes and is bactericidal to
Actinobacillus .
Also inhibits attachment of Actinomyces to
Hydroxyapatite.
It is similar to salivary peroxidase
Salivary enzymes
Following Enzymes are increased in periodontal disease
Hyaluronidase,
β-glucouronidase,
Chondroitin sulfate,
Aspartate aminotransferase,
Alkaline phosphatase,
Collagenase
Saliva also contains TIMP which inhibit collagenases
Salivary Antibodies
Predominant antibody in saliva is IgA although IgG and
buffer
Saliva also contains Coagulation factors
PMN
Sjogren’syndrome,
Sialothiasis,
Sarcoidosis and