Data Service Performance

Optimization _ Delay
Objectives
 In order to understand the data service delay, we
have to know the different types of data services first.
Nowadays, the most common data services are:
mobility management, session management and
typical applications. The following content analyzes
the features of these services and the reasons for the
delay of these services, so as to help reducing the
delay and improving the user experience.

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Contents

 Signaling Process Delay

 Data Process Delay

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 Data Service Protocols

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 Mobility Management Process

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 GPRS handset mobility management states

 There are 3 mobility management states for a GPRS handset,

including Idle state, Standby state and Ready state.

 From Idle to Ready: logical links are established between the MS and SGSN
through activation process to complete the state conversion;

 From Standby to Idle: the handset or SGSN initiates the operations of

deleting the mobility management packets from the MS and SGSN and
deleting the PDP packets from the SGSN and GGSN. Or the HLR informs the
SGSN to delete the location area information;

 From Standby to Ready: the MS sends LLC PDU data to the SGSN and the
SGSN receives the LLC PDU data sent to the MS;

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 GPRS handset mobility management states

 From Ready to Standby: the MS is converted to Standby state

after cell re-selection when a time-out occurs on the predefined
non-data transmission counter; or the SGSN forced the MS into
Standby state; or an exception occurs in data transmission;

 From Ready to Idle, the handset or SGSN initiates the operations

of deleting the mobility management packets from the MS and
SGSN and deleting the PDP packets from the SGSN and GGSN, or
the HLR informs the SGSN to delete the location area
information;

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 Attach Delay

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 Attach Delay

 After the Attach is started, pay special attentions to the setting of

test interval. The following case may occur on the ZTE equipment in
the exsiting network: the value of uplink extention TBF timer is
greater and uplink delay still exsist. If the ATTACH test interval is set
with a low value ,the attach will start from Attach Request . After that
the MS has to release the reserved TBF of last service first and then
send Channel Request on RACH channel. Since the timing of test is
started from the sending of Attach Request, this will lead to waste of
time, and the result will be affected.

 After the Channel Request is sent, the establishment of uplink TBF

will be started. According to the tests, if One Phase Access function
of TBF is enabled, it will save about 400-500ms. The delay of TBF link
establishment is affected by the link transmission delay and the time
of node processing.
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 Differences between One-Phase Access and
Two-Phase Access

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 Attach Delay

 After the uplink TBF is established, the MS sends the Attach

Request to SGSN, and the network starts to establish downlink
TBF. And after the downlink TBF is established, the network will
send requests to start authentication and encryption. This
process will take about 100ms. It is the time for establishing the
downlink TBF while the uplink TBF is already established.

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 Attach Delay

 The authentication and encryption in ATTACH is conducted

between the terminal and the SGSN. And it will take no more
than 200ms to complete the authentication and encryption. It is
suggested to implement this process, since it is the foundation
for all the services. However, the authentication and encryption
of the other services may be cancelled.
 After authentication and encryption, the network will send Attach
Accept message. It will take about 300ms if the test is operated
without SGSN crossing.
 Considering all the above signaling processes, the Attach may be
completed within 1 to 2 seconds.

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 Delay of Session Management

 In order to process the PDP packets, each GPRS equipment need

one or more PDP addresses. Each PDP packet may be activated
or unactivated to indicate whether the data is reachable.

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 Features of "unactivated"

 When the PDP packet is unactivated, the data service to certain

PDP address will be not available. Because there is neither
routing information nor mapping information in the PDP packet.
 After receiving PDP packet with unactivated address, the GGSN
may activate the PDP address if it has the right to do this. If
activation can not be initiated, the GGSN will initiate error
indication automatically.
 The user can start PDP activation process to change the PDP
state from unactivated to activated.

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 Features of "activated"

 When the PDP packet is activated, the data service to certain PDP
address will be available. The PDP packet contains routing
information and mapping information then.

 The state can be changed from unactivated to activated only

when the GPRS equipment is at Standby or Ready mode.

 The user can start PDP activation process to change the PDP
state from unactivated to activated. If deactivation process is
started or the state of mobility management is changed to Idle,
the PDP state will be changed from activated to unactivated.

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 MS Session Management Model

activate
Do not activate

activate

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 Standard PDP Activation

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 Analysis of PDP Activation Delay

 The handset sends Activate PDP Context Request message to the

SGSN via the BSC.
 The delay in this period mainly consists of air interface transmission time, Abis
transmission time, BSC/PCU process time, and GB transmission time. It will
take about 100ms.

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 Analysis of PDP Activation Delay

 After receiving the Activate PDP Context Request message, the

SGSN will initiate authentication and encryption.
 But, this function is optional. It is recommended to close this function, since
the authentication and encryption have been already executed in the Attach
process. It will save about 100ms if this function is closed.

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 Analysis of PDP Activation Delay

 SGSN sends Create PDP Context Request to GGSN:

 The contents include PDP type, PDP address, APN network access point, mark
of NSAPI network layer access node, MSISDN terminal number, QoS service
quality, Selection Mode, Charging Characteristics and PDP Configuration
Options.

 After processing the request, the GGSN will send Create PDP
Context Response,
 Including the PDP address, PDP Configuration Options and QoS service
quality.

 The delay in this process mainly includes Gn interface

transmission delay and GGSN processing time. Since the Gn
interface uses wire line transmission and the GGSN processing
speed is very fast , this delay is only about 10ms.
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 Analysis of PDP Activation Delay

 After receiving the Create PDP Context Response message, the

SGSN will process this message as Activate PDP Context Accept
and send it to the handset.
 The content includes the PDP type, PDP address, QoS service quality, wireless
priority and PDP Configuration Options.

 This delay mainly consists of air interface transimission time, Abis

transimission time, BSC/PCU process time, and GB transimission
time. According to previous experience, the delay is about
100ms.
 Considering all the above factors, the PDP activation delay may
be controlled winthin 400ms.

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Contents

 Signaling Process Delay

 Data Process Delay

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 WAP webpage browsing delay

 The process of WAP webpage

browsing mainly includes PS
Attach, PDP activation, WAP
gateway connection, WAP
relocation and WAP
responsing. Because this
process belongs to data
service process, our analysis
will mainly focus on the
upper protocol contents.

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 Signaling Flow

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 Analysis on WAP webpage browsing delay

 WAP gateway connection:

 There are only 2 signalings in the process of WAP gateway connection.
Normally, it takes only 400ms for the two signalings. However, same data of
other protocols may be involved in this process, such as SSDP, NBNS and
IGMP. It is suggested to turn off some related services on the computer, so as
to avoid the delay caused by those protocol data. Generally, it takes about
400ms to complete WAP gateway connection.

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 Analysis on WAP webpage browsing delay

 WAP relocation:
 When using tools to do the test, the user needs to input the gateway address
manually. The WAP website may feed back a new address for the handset to
visit. And in these cases, the WAP relocation is needed. Generally, WAP
relocation process takes about 100ms.

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 Analysis on WAP webpage browsing delay

 The WAP page responsing process includes visiting new WAP

address and sending the WAP webpage data.
 The process of visiting new WAP address includes the request and response
for visiting. It generally takes about 800ms.
 The process of sending the WAP webpage data mainly refers to sending the
data segment. The delay in this process is related with the total amount of the
data (mainly the size of the webpage) and the size of the data segment.
Generally, it takes about dozens of ms to send one segment.

For example, it takes about 1500ms

for the WAP page response process
when the handset is visiting the
WAP homepage address of CMCC.

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 Analysis on WAP webpage browsing delay

 WAP log-in succeeded: after the downloading of WAP webpage

is completed, the handset will confirm the WAP log-in again and
apply for ending the session. This generally takes about dozens
of ms.

Considering all the above factors, the WAP log-in process

generally may take 4 seconds. And it may be controlled within
3 seconds under better conditions.

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Thank you