TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN VARIOUS

SECONDARY SCHOOL SETTINGS

DISCOVERING HOW THESE TRENDS WILL INFLUENCE

THE FUTURE OF AMERICAN EDUCATION

KETIA L. FRANCOIS
SECONDARY EDUCATION STUDENT @ GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY
SEC-501
 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN VARIOUS SECONDARY SCHOOL
SETTINGS

1. TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN THE CLASSROOM

1. “ONE TECHNOLOGY ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVE IS THE

ENHANCING EDUCATION THROUGH TECHNOLOGY ACT OF
2001 WHICH IS TITLE II, PART D, OF THE NO CHILD LEFT
BEHIND ACT (2001). RESOURCES TO INTEGRATE TECHNOLOGY
IN INSTRUCTION WERE PROVIDED UNDER THIS LEGISLATION
TO IMPROVE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH THE USE
OF TECHNOLOGY.” (REDMANN & KOTRLIK, 2008).

2. EQUITABLE EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY ACCESS

3. THE NEED FOR SAFE SCHOOLS

FIGURE RETRIEVED FROM

HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/SEARCH?SAFE=ACTIVE&HL=EN&BIW=1536&BIH=750&TBM=ISCH&SA=1&EI=ZW0PXP
LUHFJJWTEUQAIDG&Q=TECHNOLOGY+TRENDS+IN+SECONDARY+SCHOOL
+SETTINGS&OQ=TECHNOLOGY+TRENDS+IN+SECONDARY+SCHOOL+SETTINGS&GS_L=IMG.3..0I24.2172.4036..4800...0.
0..0.119.861.2J6......1....1..GWSWIZIMG.E5VZVFSU73Y#IMGRC=W0JDRV9KLS3IPM:
 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN VARIOUS SECONDARY SCHOOL
SETTINGS

• TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN THE CLASSROOM

• ACCORDING TO MARTINEZ AND SHILLING, “COMPUTING HAS BEEN
IMPLEMENTED ACROSS VARIOUS SCHOOL SETTINGS WITH THE GOALS OF
INCREASING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT, IMPLEMENTING NEW INSTRUCTION
AND LEARNING TECHNIQUES TO OFFER MORE STUDENT-CENTERED
APPROACHES, INCREASING EQUITY OF ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY FOR ALL
STUDENTS, AND TEACHING STUDENTS TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY SKILLS.”
(MARTINEZ & SCHILLING, 2010).

• FOR FARRELL, AS CITED BY KRESS, (N.D.) “MANY URBAN YOUTH, THESE

DIFFERENCES IN TECHNOLOGY EXPOSURE AND DISPOSITIONS TOWARD
TECHNOLOGY USE COULD MEAN ENTERING COLLEGES AND CAREERS AT A
DISADVANTAGE AND BEING FACED WITH LONG-TERM ACADEMIC AND
EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES.

• FIGURE RETRIEVED FROM

HTTPS://GLOBALONLINEACADEMY.ORG/INSIGHTS/ARTICLES/THE-6-
QUESTIONS-WE-SHOULD-BE-ASKING-ABOUT-THE-FUTURE-OF-LEARNING
 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN VARIOUS SECONDARY SCHOOL
SETTINGS

• EQUITABLE EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY ACCESS

• THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION REQUIRES

THAT TEACHERS “ADDRESS THE DIVERSE NEEDS OF ALL LEARNERS BY
USING LEARNER-CENTERED STRATEGIES PROVIDING EQUITABLE ACCESS
TO APPROPRIATE DIGITAL TOOLS AND RESOURCES” (EDUCATION, 2008).

• ACCORDING TO MARTINEZ AND SCHILLIN, “SCHOOLS ALSO ARE

REALLOCATING TEXTBOOK DOLLARS AND GRANT FUNDS, ELICITING IN-
KIND DONATIONS OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FROM LOCAL BUSINESSES,
USING LEASING OPTIONS FOR COMPUTERS, AND PURSUING OTHER
STRATEGIES FOR CREATING A ONE-TO-ONE COMPUTER-TO-STUDENT RATIO
TO SUPPORT THEIR INSTRUCTIONAL PRIORITIES” (MARTINEZ & SCHILLIN,
2009).

FIGURE WAS RETRIEVED FROM

HTTP://GROUP3DIGITALCITIZENSHIP.WEEBLY.COM/EQUITABLE-DIGITAL-
ACCESS.HTML
 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN VARIOUS SECONDARY SCHOOL
SETTINGS

• THE NEED FOR SAFE SCHOOLS

• IN PRACTICE, THE CULTURE OF SURVEILLANCE-SPECTACLE LED
TO THE STATIONING OF AN ADDITIONAL FOURTEEN-ARMED
POLICE OFFICERS IN THE SCHOOL, AND THE ENTIRE SCHOOL
BUILDING WAS WIRED WITH LIVE-FEED SECURITY CAMERAS.
(KRESS, 2011).

• STUDENTS WERE SUBJECTED TO BAG SEARCHES, X-RAYS, I.D.

CARD SCANNING, AND DAILY WALKS THROUGH METAL
DETECTORS. PRINTED SIGNS ON HALLWAY WALLS ANNOUNCED
THAT STUDENTS MUST DISPLAY THEIR I.D. CARDS WHENEVER
REQUESTED BY SECURITY PERSONNEL.

FIGURE WAS TREIVEIVED FROM

HTTPS://WWW.CSMONITOR.COM/EQUALED/2016/1014/WHEN-A-HIGH-
SCHOOL-SEEMS-LIKE-A-PRISON
 AN OLDER AND MORE DIVERSE U.S. POPULATION

• INSTITUTIONS ARE ATTRACTING OLDER ADULT STUDENTS BY

ALTERING ADMISSION POLICIES, ESTABLISHING ADULT STUDENT
SERVICES OFFICES, AND OFFERING COURSE SCHEDULES THAT
MEET THIS POPULATION'S NEED FOR FLEXIBILITY. EXECUTIVE
EDUCATION COURSES ARE ONE EXAMPLE OF A SERVICE
DEVELOPED BY INSTITUTIONS FOR A DIFFERENT POPULATION:
MANAGERS AND EXECUTIVES.

FIGURE WAS RETRIEVED FROM

HTTPS://CHICAGOHEALTHONLINE.COM/ALL-OF-US-RESEARCH/
 HOW THE TRENDS WILL INFLUENCE AN OLDER AND MORE DIVERSE U.S. POPULATION

• ACCORDING TO EXTER AS CITED BY CIRASA-PARISH “DUE TO AN

EXPECTED HIGHER RATE OF OLDER STUDENT PARTICIPATION,
PARTICULARLY AMONG WOMEN AND MINORITIES, THERE WILL
BE AN INCREASE IN COLLEGE ENROLLMENT ON A DEGREE OR
NON-DEGREE STATUS. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDENTS AGES 35
AND ABOVE IS PREDICTED TO INCREASE 26 PERCENT DURING THE
PERIOD OF 1988 TO 2000. THIS INCREASE WILL EXPAND THE POOL
FOR POTENTIAL MASTER'S DEGREE PROGRAM ENROLLMENT AND
THE NUMBER OF DEGREES CONFERRED (CIRASA-PARISH, 1993).

FIGURE WAS RETRIEVED FROM

HTTPS://CHICAGOHEALTHONLINE.COM/ALL-OF-US-RESEARCH/
 INCREASED CHOICE AND PRIVATIZATION OF EDUCATION

AN EDUCATED SOCIETY WILL BE CALLED TO BE GENEROUS

TOWARD EDUCATION IN GENERAL. PRIVATE SECTORS WILL BE
EXPECTED TO DONATE AND TO HELP REDIRECTING LEARNING
OPPORTUNITIES. WHEN THE PRIVATE SECTORS ARE SO
INVOLVED, THE GOVERNMENT HAS THE TENDENCY TO
REDUCE FUNDS TOWARD EDUCATION.

“WHILE THE RHETORIC ON KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY TO

BLESS LEARNING AND THE INCREASING NUMBER OF SELF-
DIRECTED LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES WERE BOOSTING THE
DEMAND FOR EDUCATION” (ZEMBYLAS & VRASIDAS, N.D.)
 HOW DO THE TRENDS AFFECT THE INCREASED CHOICE AND
PRIVATIZATION OF EDUCATION?

PRIVATIZATION IS QUICKLY TAKING GROUND IN THE

AMERICAN EDUCATION, ESPECIALLY IN HIGHER EDUCATION
PROGRAMS, “BY REDUCING PUBLIC SPENDING, EXPANDING
HIGHER EDUCATION INTO NEW MARKETS OF VOCATIONAL
EDUCATION, REINTRODUCING STUDENT FEES,
DEREGULATING AND PRIVATIZING THE SECTOR,
INCREASING COMPETITION BETWEEN STUDENTS, IMPOSING
AN AUDIT CULTURE, AND DEUNIONIZING THE WORKFORCE
(GAMBLE, 2001; HAY, 1999; WATSON, BUCHANAN, CAMP).”
AS CITED BY (DEMIRAY, 2017).
 CHANGING ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND THE EFFECT OF POLICIES ON
EDUCATION

• THE JOURNAL OF POLICY HISTORY AS CITED BY

MCGUINN EXPLAINS THIS MAJOR CHANGE IN THE
FOLLOWING TERMS: “NCLB REPLACED A NARROW
FEDERAL ROLE THAT HAD HISTORICALLY BEEN
FOCUSED ON PROVIDING RESOURCES AND
PROCEDURAL PROTECTIONS FOR DISADVANTAGED
STUDENTS WITH A GREATLY EXPANDED NATIONAL
EFFORT TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF ALL
STUDENTS THROUGH MANDATES ON TEACHER
QUALITY, ACADEMIC STANDARDS, TESTING, AND
ACCOUNTABILITY.” (MCGUINN, 2006)

FIGURE RETRIEVED FROM HTTPS://WWW.BLACKBOARD.COM/FEDERAL-

GOVERNMENT.HTML
 HOW WILL THE TRENDS AFFECT THE CHANGING ROLE OF
GOVERNMENT AND THE EFFECT OF POLICIES ON EDUCATION?

THE DEMANDS OF THE POPULATION IS WHAT PUT PRESSURE

ON THE LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM TO MAKE NEW LAW TO
CHANGE EDUCATION. IN THIS WAY OF THINKING, MCGUINN
BELIEVES THAT, POLITICIANS IN A REPUBLIC WITH FREQUENT
ELECTIONS HAVE STRONG INCENTIVES TO BE MINDFUL OF
THE “ELECTORAL CONNECTION” BY RESPONDING TO
CHANGING PUBLIC POLICY DEMANDS (MCGUINN, 2006).

FIGURE RETRIEVED FROM HTTPS://WWW.BLACKBOARD.COM/FEDERAL-

GOVERNMENT.HTML
 HIGH SCHOOL REFORM.

“ONE TECHNOLOGY ENHANCEMENT

INITIATIVE IS THE ENHANCING EDUCATION
THROUGH TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 2001 WHICH
IS TITLE II, PART D, OF THE NO CHILD LEFT
BEHIND ACT (2001). RESOURCES TO
INTEGRATE TECHNOLOGY IN INSTRUCTION
WERE PROVIDED UNDER THIS LEGISLATION
TO IMPROVE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
THROUGH THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY”
(REDMANN & KOTRLIK, 2008).
 HOW THE TRENDS WILL AFFECT HIGH SCHOOL REFORM

“TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION INITIATIVES ARE

OFTEN TRUMPED BY OTHER PRESSING ISSUES
SUCH AS OVERCROWDING, TEACHER AND
ADMINISTRATOR TURNOVER, INSUFFICIENT
ANNUAL YEARLY PROGRESS (AYP), CONTENDING
WITH HIGH DROP-OUT RATES, COMPLYING WITH
MANDATED CURRICULUM REFORMS, AND
SCHOOL SAFETY.” (KRESS, 2011).
 INCREASED RELIANCE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE CLASSROOM.

• “SOME SCHOOL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS, SUCH AS THE

NEW TECH NETWORK (NTN), AND CHARTER MANAGEMENT
ORGANIZATIONS, SUCH AS HIGH TECH HIGH, BIG PICTURE
LEARNING, AND ENVISION SCHOOLS, ARE USING INNOVATIVE,
STUDENT-CENTERED TEACHING PRACTICES, SUPPORTED BY A
SOLID TECHNOLOGY FOUNDATION THAT ALLOWS FLEXIBLE,
ADAPTABLE USE OF A VARIETY OF TECHNOLOGIES, ALL TO
SUPPORT ENGAGED LEARNING” (MARTINEZ & SCHILLING, 2010).

FIGURE RETRIEVED FROM

HTTPS://FARRAGUT.ORG/ACADEMICS/SIGNATURE-
PROGRAMS/ENGINEERING/STEM_LOWER/
 INCREASED RELIANCE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE CLASSROOM CONTINUES

• THE STEM PROGRAM IS THE PROGRAM THAT

RELIES THE MOST ON TECHNOLOGY. THIS IS
UNDERSTANDABLE BECAUSE THIS PROGRAM IS
BUILT AROUND SCIENCE AND SCIENCE IS DIRECTLY
CONNECTED TO TECHNOLOGY.

FIGURE RETRIEVED FROM

HTTPS://FARRAGUT.ORG/ACADEMICS/SIGNATURE-
PROGRAMS/ENGINEERING/STEM_LOWER/
 INCREASE GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION HAS BROUGHT MORE OPPORTUNITIES TO

ACCESS SEVERAL TYPES OF SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING SETTINGS
ON ONE HAND, BUT ON THE OTHER, IT ALSO BROUGHT NEW
FINANCIAL APPROACHES, IN THAT COSTS ARE SHIFTED FROM
GOVERNMENT TO INDIVIDUALS, IN KEEPING WITH THE BELIEF
THAT EDUCATION IS AN INVESTMENT BY INDIVIDUALS IN THEIR
OWN ECONOMIC FUTURE (CONNELL, 2013). ACCORDING TO THIS
LOGIC, EDUCATION HAS BECOME A COMMODITY RATHER THAN A
PUBLIC FUNCTION WITH A CONTRIBUTION TO COMMON SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC GOODS. (ZEMBYLAS & VRASIDAS, N.D.).

• RETRIEVED FROM HTTPS://WWW.ACENET.EDU/NEWS-ROOM/PAGES/INTERNATIONALIZATION-IN-

ACTION-SPECIAL-EDITION-CONNECTING-CLASSROOMS-USING-ONLINE-TECHNOLOGY-TO-
DELIVER-GLOBAL-LEARNING.ASPX
 INCREASE GLOBALIZATION CONTINUES

ACCORDING TO ZEMBYLAS, M. & VRANSIDAS, C. (N.D.) “A

NETWORKED SOCIETY THAT SPANS THE GLOBE CAN SERVE TO ERASE
MEANINGLESS GEOPOLITICAL BORDERS, ELIMINATE RACIAL,
RELIGIOUS, AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES, AND BIND PEOPLE
TOGETHER REGARDLESS OF RACE, ETHNICITY, OR LOCATION.”
NEGROPONTE, AS CITED BY ZEMBYLAS & VRANSIDAS, CONCLUDES
THAT “A NEW GENERATION IS EMERGING FROM THE DIGITAL
LANDSCAPE FREE OF MANY OF THE OLD PREJUDICES. DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY CAN BE A NATURAL FORCE DRAWING PEOPLE INTO
GREATER WORLD HARMONY WITHIN A LANDSCAPE WHERE WE ARE
BOUND TO FIND NEW HOPE AND DIGNITY” ZEMBYLAS & VRANSIDAS,
(N.D.).

• RETRIEVED FROM HTTPS://WWW.ACENET.EDU/NEWS-ROOM/PAGES/INTERNATIONALIZATION-IN-

ACTION-SPECIAL-EDITION-CONNECTING-CLASSROOMS-USING-ONLINE-TECHNOLOGY-TO-
DELIVER-GLOBAL-LEARNING.ASPX
 REFERENCES
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HTTPS://DOIORG.LOPES.IDM.OCLC.ORG/10.1080/0022027032000190687