DISASTER

ASSIGNMENT : 5 MANAGEMEN
Q1. DESCRIBE VARIOUS VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
AND WARNING SYSTEMS USED FOR ANY 3 – DISASTER
TYPES IN DETAIL?
ANS.
 VULNERABILITY :
• IT IS THE CHARACTERISTICS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF A
COMMUNITY SYSTEM OR ASSET THAT MAKE IT SUSCEPTIBLE TO
THE DEMAGING EFFECTS OF A HAZARD.
• THIS MAY ARISE FROM VARIOUS PHYSICAL , SOCIAL , ECONOMIC
AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
• VULNERABILITY HAS BEEN RELATED TO THE FOLLOWING
FACTORS :
 SOCIAL INTEGRATION  PSYCHOLOGICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL
• ETHNICITY • LOCUS OF CONTROL
• AGE • DISABILITY
• GENDER • COPING-STYLE
• LOCATION • INDIVIDUAL’S PERCEPTION
• STATUS • LIFESTYLE
• WEALTH • AGILITY
• INCOME • MOBILITY
• EDUCATION • EXPERIENCE
• FAMILY TYPE

( TYPE 1 ) EARTHQUAKE :
• EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS USE EARTHQUAKE
SCIENCE AND THE TECHNOLOGY OF MONITORING SYSTEMS TO
ALERT DEVICES AND PEOPLE WHEN SHAKING WAVES
GENERATED BY AN EARTHQUAKE ARE EXPECTED TO ARRIVE AT
THEIR LOCATION.
• FOR THIS PURPOSE USA CALIFORNIA DEVELOPED A MACHINE
CALLED ‘SHAKEALERT’ WHICH GIVES THE EXACT TIME OF
ARRIVAL OF SHAKING TO THE STATIONS.
• WITH THE HELP OF THIS TECHNOLOGY WE CAN SAVE SO MANY
LIVES AND ALSO REDUCE DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS TO SOME
EXTENT.
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MANAGEMEN
• THIS CAN BE DONE BY DETECTING THE FIRST ENERGY TO
RADIATE FROM AN EARTHQUAKE, THE P-WAVE ENERGY, WHICH
RARELY CAUSES DAMAGE.
• USING P-WAVE INFORMATION, WE FIRST ESTIMATE THE
LOCATION AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE EARTHQUAKE.
• THEN , THE ANTICIPATED GROUND SHAKING ACROSS THE
REGION TO BE AFFECTED IS ESTIMATED AND A WARNING IS
PROVIDED TO LOCAL POPULATIONS.
• THE METHOD CAN PROVIDE WARING BEFORE THE S-WAVE
ARRIVES , BRINGING THE STRONG SHAKING THAT USUALLY
CAUSES MOST OF THE DAMAGE.
• A USER RECEIVES A MESSAGE LIKE THIS ON THE SCREEN OF HIS
COMPUTER .
• THE MESSAGE ALERTS THE USER TO HOW MANY SECONDS
BEFORE THE SHAKING WAVES ARRIVE AT THEIR LOCATION AND
THE EXPECTED INTENITY OF SHAKING AT THAT SITE.
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( TYPE 2 ) FLOOD :
• A TYPICAL FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM INCLUDES A NUMBER OF ITEMS,
INCLUDING AUTOMATED SENSORS WHICH ARE PLACED IN OR BESIDE
RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS THROUGHOUT A DESIGNATED AREA.
• DATA IS THEN COLLECTED AND SENT IMMEDIATELY TO A BASE
STATION OR PERSONAL COMPUTER.
• IN THIS WAY, APPROPRIATE FORECASTS ARE SENT TO AUTHORITIES OR
COMMUNITIES OF THOSE POTENTIALLY AFFECTED BY THE
DEVELOPING FLOOD, AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.

 WARNING :
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ALERTS FOR FLASH FLOODS
WHICH ARE ISSUED BY THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.
ONE IS A FLASH FLOOD WATCH, WHICH MEANS THAT
CONDITIONS ARE FAVORABLE FOR FLASH FLOODING, AND THE
OTHER IS A FLASH FLOOD WARNING, MEANING THAT A FLASH
FLOOD IS OCCURRING OR ONE WILL OCCUR IMMINENTLY AND
IS USUALLY ISSUED WHEN THERE ARE STRONG WEATHER
RADAR ECHOES FOR AN AREA THAT IS PRONE TO FLASH
FLOODING. FLASH FLOODS CAN ALSO OCCUR BECAUSE OF A
DAM OR LEVEE FAILURE, OR BECAUSE OF A SUDDEN RELEASE
OF WATER HELD BY AN ICE JAM.

( TYPE 3 ) CYCLONE :
• EARLIER DETECTION OF TCS WOULD BE BENEFICIAL IN MANY
AREAS.
• EARLIER NOTICE WOULD GIVE THE PUBLIC MORE TIME TO
PREPARE FOR A POTENTIAL FUTURE THREAT.
• EARLIER DETECTION ALLOWS SCIENTISTS MORE TIME TO PLAN
RESEARCH MISSIONS INTO STORMS.
• IN RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, IT ALSO ALLOWS THE STUDY OF
DETERMINING WHAT PROMOTES TROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS.
• THE DETECTION ALGORITHM DESCRIBED HEREIN IS BASED ON
VORTICITY.
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 WARNING : MANAGEMEN
• THE FIRST STAGE WARNING KNOWN AS THE "CYCLONE ALERT"
IS ISSUED 48 HOURS IN ADVANCE OF THE EXPECTED
COMMENCEMENT OF THE ADVERSE WEATHER OVER THE
COASTAL AREAS.
• THE SECOND STAGE WARNING KNOWN AS THE "CYCLONE
WARNING" IS ISSUED 24 HOURS IN ADVANCE.
• BOTH CYCLONE "ALERT" AND "WARNING" MESSAGES ARE
PASSED TO THE AIR STATIONS FOR REPEATED BROADCAST.
Q2. EXPLAIN VARIOUS PROGRAMMES AND STRATEGIES
UNDERTAKEN FOR REDUCING THE RISK OF DISASTERS
AND FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION?
ANS.
PROGRAMMES AND STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER
REDUCTION :
• THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF ELEMENTS CONSIDERED
WITH THE POSSIBILITIES TO MINIMIZE VULNERABILITIES AND
DISASTER RISKS THROUGHOUT A SOCIETY, TO AVOID
(PREVENTION) OR TO LIMIT (MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS)
THE ADVERSE IMPACTS OF HAZARDS, WITHIN THE BROAD
CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. :
1 DRR(DISASTER RISK REDUCTION) INVOLVES:
• RISK AWARENESS AND ASSESSMENT INCLUDING HAZARD
ANALYSIS AND VULNERABILITY/CAPACITY ANALYSIS;
• KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT INCLUDING EDUCATION, TRAINING,
RESEARCH AND INFORMATION;
• PUBLIC COMMITMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS,
INCLUDING ORGANIZATIONAL, POLICY, LEGISLATION AND
COMMUNITY ACTION;
• APPLICATION OF MEASURES INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT, LAND-USE AND URBAN PLANNING, PROTECTION
OF CRITICAL FACILITIES, APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, PARTNERSHIP AND NETWORKING, AND FINANCIAL
INSTRUMENTS;
• EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS INCLUDING FORECASTING,
DISSEMINATION OF WARNINGS, PREPAREDNESS MEASURES AND
REACTION CAPACITIES (ISDR)
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2. EARLY WARNING :
• THE PROVISION OF THE MEANS BY WHICH PEOPLE OR
ORGANIZATIONS, USE AVAILABLE RESOURCES AND ABILITIES TO
FACE ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES THAT COULD LEAD TO A
DISASTER. IN GENERAL, THIS INVOLVES MANAGING RESOURCES,
BOTH IN NORMAL TIMES AS WELL AS DURING CRISES OR
ADVERSE CONDITIONS. THE STRENGTHENING OF COPING
CAPACITIES USUALLY BUILDS RESILIENCE TO WITHSTAND THE
EFFECTS OF NATURAL AND HUMAN-INDUCED HAZARDS (ISDR)

3. INTERMEDIATE RESULTS (IRS) :

• INTERIM TARGETS SET TO MEASURE PROGRESS TOWARD
ACHIEVEMENT OF STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE (CDERA CDM
STRATEGY)

4. MAINSTREAMING :
• MAKING COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT AN
INTEGRAL DIMENSION OF THE POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES IN
ALL POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIETAL SPHERES (BCPR) .

5. NATIONAL DISASTER ORGANIZATION (NDO) :

• THE NDO IN THIS DOCUMENT REFERS TO THE NATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF AGENCIES LINKED FOR THE
PURPOSE OF ATTENDING TO THE LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF DISASTER PREVENTION AND
MITIGATION, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE AND RECOVERY
AND REHABILITATION. THE NDO IS GENERALLY HEADED BY THE
PRIME MINISTER OR HEAD OF GOVERNMENT IN THE RESPECTIVE
COUNTRY. (BAASTEL-ESL)

SUBMITTED TO : GAURAV AG. SUBMITTED BY : AMIT JAIN