Aircraft: Weight & Balance

AIRCRAFT
WEIGHT & BALANCE

BY KASSANDRA KAYSHA S. PERALTA
AIRCRAFT WEIGHT & BALANCE
Compliance with the weight and balance limits of any
aircraft is critical to flight safety. Operating above the
maximum weight limitation compromises the
structural integrity of an aircraft and adversely affects
its performance.
Aircraft Mechanics may perform repairs and

alteration that changes the weight and balance of an
aircraft, therefore they must responsible with the
weight and balance paperwork.
Problems Caused by Overloading

HIGHER TAKE OFF SPEED

LONGER TAKE OFF RUN

REDUCED RATE AND ANGLE OF CLIMB

LOWER MAXIMUM ALTITUDE

SHORTER RANGE

REDUCED CRUISING SPEED

REDUCED MANEUVERABILITY

HIGHER APPROACH AND LANDING SPEED

EXCESSIVE WEIGHT ON THE NOSE WHEEL
OR TAIL WHEEL
TERMINOLOGIES
WEIGHT is the force with which gravity attracts a
body toward the center of the Earth. It is a product
of the mass of a body and the acceleration acting on
the body.
LIFT is the only force that

counteracts weight and sustains an aircraft in flight.
THRUST is the force that propels the aircraft into a

forward motion produced by the engine.
TERMINOLOGIES
DRAG is the force acting on an aircraft opposite to
thrust.
TERMINOLOGIES
ARM is the horizontal distance in inches from the
reference datum to the center of gravity of an item.
BASIC EMPTY WEIGHT is the standard empty

weight of an aircraft and special equipment included
in aircraft design.
CENTER OF GRAVITY (CG) is the point at

which an aircraft would balance if suspended.
TERMINOLOGIES
CENTER OF GRAVITY ARM is obtained by the
individual aircraft moment and dividing the sum by
the total weight.
DATUM is an imaginary vertical line from which

all measurements of arm are taken.
DELTA Δ is a Greek symbol that indicates changes

of the values.
TERMINOLOGIES
TERMINOLOGIES
FLOOR LOAD LIMIT is the maximum weight the
floor can sustain per square inch/foot.
FUEL LOAD is the expendable part of the load of

an aircraft.
LICENSED EMPTY WEIGHT is the empty

weight that consists of the airframe, engine(s),
unusable fuel, and undrainable oil.
TERMINOLOGIES
MAXIMUM LANDING WEIGHT is the greatest
weight that an aircraft is normally allowed to have
at landing.
MAXIMUM RAMP WEIGHT is also referred as

taxi weight. It is the weight of a loaded aircraft
including fuel.
MAXIMUM TAKEOFF WEIGHT is the

maximum allowable weight for takeoff.
TERMINOLOGIES
MAXIMUM WEIGHT is the maximum authorized
weight of the aircraft and all of its equipment as
specified in the TCDS for the aircraft.
MOMENT is the product of the weight of an item

multiplied by its arm. Moments are expressed in
pound-inches (in-lb).
PAYLOAD is the weight of occupants, cargo, and

baggage.
TERMINOLOGIES
USEFUL LOAD is the weight of the pilot,
copilot, passengers, baggage, usable fuel, and
drainable oil.
STATION is a location in the aircraft that is

identified by a number designating its distance in
inches from the datum.
NET WEIGHT is the weight of the aircraft less

the weight of any chocks or other devices used to
hold the aircraft on the scales.
TERMINOLOGIES
LARGE AIRCRAFT is an aircraft of more than
12,500 lbs (maximum certified take-off weight).
LOAD FACTOR is the ratio of the maximum

load an aircraft can sustain to the total weight of
the aircraft.
LANDING SCHEDULE is a method of

calculating aircraft weight and balance prior to
taxiing, to ensure the aircraft will remain within
requirement.
TERMINOLOGIES
MAXIMUM PERISHABLE HOIST LOAD is
the maximum weight approved for ground
maneuver, it includes weight of start, taxi, and run-
up fuel.
SMALL AIRCRAFT is an aircraft weighing

12,500 lbs.
ADVERSE LOADED CG CHECK is a check to

determine that no condition of legal loading can
move the CG outside of its allowable limits.
TERMINOLOGIES
BALANCED LATERALLY is being balanced in
such a way that the aircraft wings tend to remain
level.
BALLAST is a weight installed or carried in an

aircraft to move the center of gravity to a location
within its allowable limits.
TERMINOLOGIES
PERMANENT BALLAST (FIXED BALLAST)
is a weight permanently installed in an aircraft to
bring its CG into allowable limits.
TEMPORARY BALLAST is the weights that can

be carried in a cargo compartment of an aircraft to
move the location of CG for a specific flight
condition.
TERMINOLOGIES
CENTROID is the distance in inches aft of the
datum of the center of a compartment or a fuel
tank for weight and balance purposes.
CHORD is a straight line distance across a wing

from leading edge to trailing edge.
TERMINOLOGIES
FLEET WEIGHT is the average weight accepted
by the FAA for aircraft of identical make and
model that have the same equipment installed.
FUEL JETTISON SYSTEM is the subsystem

that allows the flight crew to dump fuel in an
emergency to lower the weight of an aircraft to the
maximum landing weight if a return to landing is
required before sufficient fuel is burned off.
TERMINOLOGIES
MAJOR ALTERATION is an alteration not listed
in the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller
specifications that is not done according to
accepted practices or cannot be done by
elementary operations.
This alteration may take effect on areas such as:

(1) Weight and balance, structural strength,
performance, powerplant operation, flight
characteristics, or other qualities affecting
airworthiness.
TERMINOLOGIES
MAXIMUM ZERO FUEL weight is the
maximum authorized weight of an aircraft without
fuel. This is the total weight for a particular flight
minus the fuel.
PAX is the abbreviation of passengers.
MINOR ALTERATION is an alteration other

than a major alteration. This includes alterations
that are listed in the aircraft, aircraft engine, or
propeller specifications.
TERMINOLOGIES
RESIDUAL FUEL is the fuel that remains
trapped in the system after draining the fuel from
the aircraft with the aircraft in level flight attitude.
SERVICE CEILING the highest altitude at

which an aircraft can maintain a steady rate of
climb of 100 feet per minute.
TERMINOLOGIES
UNDRAINABLE OIL is the oil that does not
drain from an engine lubricating system when the
aircraft is in the normal ground attitude and the
drain valve is left open.
EQUIPMENT LIST is a list of items approved by

the FAA for installation in a particular aircraft.
.
TARE WEIGHT is the weight of any chocks or
devices that are used to hold an aircraft on the
scales when it is weighed.
TERMINOLOGIES
STRAIN SENSOR is a device that converts a
physical phenomenon into an electrical signal.
BUTT (OR BUTTOCK) LINE ZERO is a line

through the symmetrical center of an aircraft from
nose to tail.
TERMINOLOGIES
BASIC OPERATING WEIGHT (BOW) is the
empty weight of the aircraft plus the weight of the
required crew, their baggage, and other standard
items, such as meals and potable water.
CENTER OF LIFT is the location along the

chord line of an airfoil at which all the lift forces
produced by the airfoil are considered to be
concentrated.
DOCUMENTATIONS
In order to obtain all information regarding the
weight and balance data for a particular aircraft
you should check all the following sources:
• Aircraft Specifications
• Aircraft Operating Limitations
• Aircraft Flight Manual
• Aircraft Weight And Balance Report
• Aircraft Type Certificate Data Sheets
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATIONS
It is the FAA record keeping documents issued for

both type-certificated and non-type certificated
products which have been found eligible for
airworthiness certification.
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATIONS
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT OPERATING LIMITATIONS
Includes the limitations required by the

manufacturer or the regulation necessary for
operation, and in weight and balance.
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT OPERATING LIMITATIONS
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL
It is a book containing information required to

safely operate the aircraft. Each aircraft rating has
its own Flight Manual modeled to its specification.
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE
REPORT
It contains and identifies the empty weight of the

aircraft and the location at which the aircraft is
balance or the center of gravity.
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE
REPORT
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA
SHEETS
This includes general information about the design

such as the dimension, wing loading, limiting
airspeed, required placards and markings, control
surface travel, engine installation, wear applicable,
approved engine and propeller combination.
DOCUMENTATIONS
AIRCRAFT TYPE CERTIFICATE DATA
SHEETS

Aircraft: Weight & Balance

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Aircraft: Weight & Balance

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AIRCRAFT

WEIGHT & BALANCE

Aircraft Mechanics may perform repairs and

Problems Caused by Overloading

Problems Caused by Overloading

Problems Caused by Overloading

Problems Caused by Overloading

Problems Caused by Overloading

Problems Caused by Overloading

Problems Caused by Overloading

Problems Caused by Overloading

Problems Caused by Overloading

LIFT is the only force that

THRUST is the force that propels the aircraft into a

BASIC EMPTY WEIGHT is the standard empty

CENTER OF GRAVITY (CG) is the point at

DATUM is an imaginary vertical line from which

DELTA Δ is a Greek symbol that indicates changes

FUEL LOAD is the expendable part of the load of

LICENSED EMPTY WEIGHT is the empty

MAXIMUM RAMP WEIGHT is also referred as

MAXIMUM TAKEOFF WEIGHT is the

MOMENT is the product of the weight of an item

PAYLOAD is the weight of occupants, cargo, and

STATION is a location in the aircraft that is

NET WEIGHT is the weight of the aircraft less

LOAD FACTOR is the ratio of the maximum

LANDING SCHEDULE is a method of

SMALL AIRCRAFT is an aircraft weighing

ADVERSE LOADED CG CHECK is a check to

BALLAST is a weight installed or carried in an

TEMPORARY BALLAST is the weights that can

CHORD is a straight line distance across a wing

FUEL JETTISON SYSTEM is the subsystem

This alteration may take effect on areas such as:

PAX is the abbreviation of passengers.

MINOR ALTERATION is an alteration other

SERVICE CEILING the highest altitude at

EQUIPMENT LIST is a list of items approved by

BUTT (OR BUTTOCK) LINE ZERO is a line

CENTER OF LIFT is the location along the

It is the FAA record keeping documents issued for

Includes the limitations required by the

It is a book containing information required to

It contains and identifies the empty weight of the

This includes general information about the design

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