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Non-essential and Essential Clauses

Non-essen
tial
Welcome to this course on
Example:
The Taj Mahal, which was built by Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb, is one of the largest and most relevant
monuments of the world.
Example:
The Taj Mahal, which was built by Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb, is one of the largest and most relevant
monuments of the world.
The Taj Mahal, which was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb,
is one of the largest and most relevant monuments of the
world.
Which Who(se)

Where
The Taj Mahal, which was built thousands of years ago 1. contains
rare stones and marbles ever used.

A) NO CHANGE
B) ago; contains
C) ago, containing
D) ago, contains
The Taj Mahal,to
Welcome which
thiswas built thousands
course on of years ago,
contains rare stones and marbles ever used.

A) NO CHANGE
B) ago; contains
C) ago, containing
D) ago, contains
 However Indeed

Therefore For example

In fact Moreover

• To begin a non-essential clause

• In between a non-essential clause
Example:
The Taj Mahal was built during the Mughal era; however, nearly a
hundreds of years later, it still looks the same.
Example:
The Taj Mahal was built during the Mughal era; however, nearly a
hundreds of years later, it still looks the same.

The Taj Mahal was built during the Mughal era. Nearly a hundreds of
years later, it still looks the same.
Context
 Non-
Meaningful Two
essential
sentence commas
word/phrase

Removal of Not
Semicolon/
non-essential meaningful/
Period
word/phrase Comma splice
 Two commas do not always equal a non-essential clause

Example:
Wrestling, a sport in which the two people attempt to force one
another out of a ring, originated in a small town of Japan, which
remains the only country in the world where it is practised.
 Two commas do not always equal a non-essential clause

Example:
Wrestling, a sport in which the two people attempt to force one
another out of a ring, originated in a small town of Japan, which
remains the only country in the world where it is practised.
 Two commas do not always equal a non-essential clause

Example:
Wrestling, a sport in which the two people attempt to force one
another out of a ring, originated in a small town of Japan, which
remains the only country in the world where it is practised.
 Two commas do not always equal a non-essential clause

Example:
Wrestling,, originated in a small town of Japan, which remains the
only country in the world where it is practised.
 Essential Clauses With and Without ‘that’

Clauses beginning with ‘that’ are always essential to the

meaning of a sentence and should never be set off by commas.

So the rule is
THC- “That Hates Comma’
There will be no comma before the word that, no comma after the word that and no comma in
place of the word that.
Example:
Incorrect: Tortoise are one of the most longest living pets, that a
person can have because they live for up to 800 years.
Example:
Tortoise are one of the most longest living pets, that a person can
have because they live for up to 800 years.
Tortoise are one of the most longest living pets that, a person can
have because they live for up to 800 years.
Tortoise are one of the most longest living pets, a person can have
because they live for up to 800 years.

Tortoise are one of the most longest living pets a person can have
because they live for up to 800 years.
Tortoise are one of the most longest living pets that a person can
have because they live for up to 800 years
The use of ‘who’ with essential and non-essential clauses

‘who’ + ‘2 commas’ - Non-essential

‘who’ + “no commas’ - Essential
Example:
The general public, who attend concerts and festivals, often
turn to camping in the open grounds as an economic form of
accommodation.

Even though after the red part is eliminated, the remaining

sentence makes sense, it changes the overall meaning of the
sentence. By eliminating the red part, the meaning of the
sentence looks like people often turn to camping as a cheap
mode of accommodation. What we are trying to say is that only
when people have large open air events and sporting events
Example:
The general public, who attend concerts and festivals often turn
to camping in the open grounds as an economic form of
accommodation.

The general public who attend concerts and festivals often turn
to camping in the open grounds as an economic form of
accommodation.
Example:
The hexacopter, a lump of steel propellers and lenses is both
camera and flying machine. This contraption is revolutionizing
the way news is reported. In the past, journalists, who wanted
to obtain aerial shots of events to accompany their stories, were
forced to rely on conventional helicopters, which often flew too
high to capture detailed images. The hexacopter, however, can
catapult itself into the air and hover right above the scene the
photographer wishes to record.
Example:
The hexacopter, a lump of steel propellers and lenses is both
camera and flying machine. This contraption is revolutionizing
the way news is reported. In the past, journalists, who wanted
to obtain aerial shots of events to accompany their stories, were
forced to rely on conventional helicopters, which often flew too
high to capture detailed images. The hexacopter, however, can
catapult itself into the air and hover right above the scene the
photographer wishes to record.
 Commas with Names and Titles

• Names and titles can be either essential or non-essential

• Depending on the context, the commas can be placed
• Treat the name/title like non-essential word/clause
• Sentence makes sense – commas are necessary
• Sentence does not make sense – commas are not necessary
Example:

British Author, J K Rowling, is known for the famous ‘Harry

Potter’ Series. She is the perfect epitome of the adage "rags to
riches”. She struggled for several years until Bloomsbury decided
to publish the first book in the Harry Potter Series.
.
Example:
British Author, J K Rowling, is known for the famous ‘Harry
Potter’ Series. She is the perfect epitome of the adage "rags to
riches”. She struggled for several years until Bloomsbury decided
to publish the first book in the Harry Potter Series.
Example:
British Author J K Rowling is known for the famous ‘Harry Potter’
Series. She is the perfect epitome of the adage "rags to riches”.
She struggled for several years until Bloomsbury decided to
publish the first book in the Harry Potter Series.
Gardening has always fascinated me, but but until recently, I
didn’t have space in my house for plants. Last summer I moved
into a new house. So I called a friend who had quite a lot of
experience in gardening. Luckily, that friend, Melinda, agreed.
Gardening has always fascinated me, but but until recently, I
didn’t have space in my house for plants. Last summer I moved
into a new house. So I called a friend who had quite a lot of
experience in gardening. Luckily, that friend, Melinda, agreed.
Luckily, that friend, Melinda, agreed.
Gardening has always fascinated me, but but until recently, I
didn’t have space in my house for plants. Last summer I moved
into a new house. So I called a friend who had quite a lot of
experience in gardening. Luckily, that friend, Melinda, agreed.