History of Architecture - III

ARCH-2105/CREDIT-3

PART –A
Indian sub-continental Architecture
01. Introduction to gupta Period
02. Evolution of Temples
03. Dravidian Style
04. Northern Indo-Aryan Style

PART –B
Indian sub-continental Architecture
01.Indus Civilization
02. Vedic Civilization
03. Early Mauryan Dynasty
04. Buddhist Period
05. Rock-cut Architecture
06. Hynayana Phase
07. Mahayana Phase
 PART –B
Indian sub-continental Architecture
01.Indus Civilization
02. Vedic Civilization
03. Early Mauryan Dynasty
04. Buddhist Period
05. Rock-cut Architecture

06. Hynayana Phase

07. Mahayana Phase
PART –B
Indian sub-continental Architecture
06 . Han
yn ya a Phase

Buddhism and nirvana

The Four Noble Truths refer to and express the basic
orientation of Buddhism. in a short expression :
we crave and cling to impermanent states and
things, which are dukkha, incapable of satisfying and
painful. This craving keeps us caught in samsara, the
endless cycle of repeated rebirth and dying again, and
the dukkha that comes with it. There is, however, a way
to end this cycle, namely by attaining nirvana, cessation of
craving, where after rebirth and associated dukkha will no
longer arise again. This can be accomplished by following
the eightfold path, restraining oneself, cultivating
discipline, and practicing mindfulness and meditation.
In short form, the four truths
are dukkha, samuday ("arising," "coming
together"), nirodha ("cessation," "confinement"),
and marga, the path leading to cessation. As the "Four
Noble Truths", the truths or realities which are understood
by the worthy ones, who have attained nirvana.