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1
4.1 Impedance and Equivalent Voltages and
Currents
Equivalent Voltages and Currents
• The voltage of the + conductor relative to the –
conductor
V E dl
I H dl
C
V
Z0
I
• After having defined and determined a voltage,
current, and characteristic impedance, we can proceed
to apply the circuit theory for transmission lines to
characterize this line as a circuit element.
2
Figure 4.1 (p. 163)
Electric and magnetic field lines for an arbitrary two-conductor
TEM line. 3
TE10
j a x j z
E y ( x, y , z ) A sin e Ae y ( x, y )e j z
a
j a x j z
H x ( x, y , z ) A sin e Ahx ( x, y )e j z
a
5
• For an arbitrarily waveguide mode, the transverse
fields
j z j z e ( x, y ) j z
Et ( x, y, z ) e ( x, y )( A e A e ) (V e V e j z )
C1
j z j z h ( x, y ) j z
H t ( x, y, z ) h ( x, y )( A e A e ) (I e V e j z )
C2
where e and h are the transverse field variations of the
mode. Since Et & Ht are related by Zw,
ˆz e ( x, y )
h ( x, y )
Zw
• Defining equivalent voltage and current waves as
V ( z ) V e j z V e j z ,
j z j z V V
I (z) I e I e with Z 0
I I 6
• The complex power flow for the incident wave
1 2 V I
S e h zds e h zds
P |A | ˆ ˆ
2 2C1C2 S
• Since we want
this power to be (1/2)V+I+*,
C1C2 e h zds
ˆ
S
• Ex 4.1
8
The Concept of Impedance
• Various types of impedance
– Intrinsic impedance ( / ) of the medium: depends
on the material parameters of the medium, and is equal to
the wave impedance for plane waves.
– Wave impedance ( Z w Et / H t 1/ Yw ): a characteristic of
the particular type of wave. TEM, TM and TE waves each
have different wave impedances which may depend on the
type of the line or guide, the material, and the operating
frequency.
– Characteristic impedance ( Z 0 1/ Y0 L / C ): the ratio of
V/I for a traveling wave on a transmission line. Z0 for TEM
wave is unique. TE and TM waves are not unique.
9
Ex 4.2
1
1
P VI e h ds VI
2 S 2
12
• The input impedance is
V VI P Pl 2 j (Wm We )
Z in R jX 2 2
2
I I 1
2 I 1
2 I
13
Even and Odd Properties of Z(ω) and Γ(ω)
• Consider the driving point impedance, Z(ω), at the
input port of an electrical network. V(ω) = I(ω)
Z(ω). v(t ) 1 V ( )e jt d
2
V ( ) V ( )
Re{V(ω)} is even in ω, Im{V(ω)} is odd in ω.
I(ω) holds the same as V(ω).
V ( ) Z ( ) I ( ) Z ( ) I ( ) V ( ) Z ( ) I ( )
14
• The reflection coefficient at the input port
Z ( ) Z 0 R ( ) Z 0 jX ( )
( )
Z ( ) Z 0 Z ( ) Z 0 jX ( )
R( ) Z 0 jX ( ) R ( ) Z 0 jX ( )
( ) ( )
Z ( ) Z 0 jX ( ) Z ( ) Z 0 jX ( )
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
15
4.2 Impedance and Admittance Matrices
• At the nth terminal plane, the total voltage and current
is Vn Vn Vn , I n I n I n as seen from (4.8) when
z = 0.
• The impedance matrix
V Z I
• Similarly, I Y V
where Y 11
Y 12 Y1N
Y
Y 21 Z
1
YN 1 YNN
16
Figure 4.5 (p.
169)
An arbitrary N-port
microwave network.
17
• Zij can be defined as Vi
Z ij
Ij
I k 0 for k j
18
Reciprocal Networks
• Let Fig. 4.5 to be reciprocal (no active device,
ferrites, or plasmas), with short circuits placed at all
terminal planes except those of ports 1 and 2.
• Let Ea, Ha and Eb, Hb be the fields anywhere in the
network due to 2 independent sources, a and b,
located somewhere in the network.
• From the reciprocity theorem,
S
Ea H b ds Eb H a ds
S
19
• The fields due to sources a and b at the terminal
planes t1 and t2: E(4.31)
1a V1a e1 , H1a I1a h1
E1b V1b e1 , H1b I1b h1
E2 a V2 a e2 , H 2 a I 2 a h2
E2b V2b e2 , H 2b I 2b h2
21
Lossless Networks
• Consider a reciprocal lossless N-port network.
• If the network is lossless, Re{Pav} = 0.
1 1 1 t
Pav [V ] [ I ] [ Z ][ I ] [ I ] [ I ] [ Z ][ I ]
t t
2 2 2
1
( I1Z11 I1 I1Z12 I 2 I 2 Z 21I1 )
2
1 N N
I m Z mn I n
2 n 1 m 1
22
• Take Im and In only Re I n I m I m I n Z mn 0
• Since (InIm*+ ImIn*) is purely real, Re{Zmn} = 0,.
• Therefore, Re{Zmn} = 0 for any m, n.
Ex 4.3
23
4.3 The Scattering Matrix
• The scattering matrix relates the voltage waves
incident on the ports to those reflected from the ports.
• The scattering parameters can be calculated using
network analysis technique. Otherwise, they can be
measured directly with a vector network analyzer.
• Once the scattering matrix is known, conversion to
other matrices can be performed.
• Consider the N-port network in Fig. 4.5.
24
V1 S11 S1N V1
S12
V2 S21 V2
VN S N 1 S NN VN
or V S V Vi
Sij
Vj
Vk 0 for k j
25
Figure 4.7 (p. 175)
A photograph of the Hewlett-
Packard HP8510B Network
Analyzer. This test instrument is
used to measure the scattering
parameters (magnitude and
phase) of a one- or two-port
microwave network from 0.05
GHz to 26.5 GHz. Built-in
microprocessors provide error
correction, a high degree of
accuracy, and a wide choice of
display formats. This analyzer
can also perform a fast Fourier
transform of the frequency
domain data to provide a time
domain response of the network
under test.
Courtesy of Agilent
Technologies.
26
Ex.4, Evaluation of Scattering Parameters
[ Z ][ I ] [ Z ][V ] [ Z ][V ] [V ] [V ] [V ]
([ Z ] [U ])[V ] ([ Z ] [U ])[V ]
where 1 0 0
0 1
[U ]
0 1
[V ] ([ Z ] [U ])([ Z ] [U ]) 1[V ]
[ S ] ([ Z ] [U ])([ Z ] [U ]) 1
[ S ] ([ Z ] [U ])
t
1
t
([ Z ] [U ]) t
29
• If the network is reciprocal, [Z]t = [Z].
[ S ]t ([ Z ] [U ]) 1 ([ Z ] [U ])
[ S ] [ S ]t
where ij 1 if i j, ij 0 if i j .
• If i = j, N
ki ki 1
S
k 1
S
• If i ≠ j, N
ki kj 0.
S
k 1
S
34
Generalized Scattering Parameters
1
2
1
2
2
Pn Re Vn I n Re an bn bn an bnan
2
1 2 1 2
an bn
2 2
36
• The generalized scattering matrix can be used to
relate the incident and reflected waves,
b S a
bi
Sij
aj
ak 0 for k j
Vi _
Sij
Vj
Vk 0 for k j
37
Figure on page 183
38
4.4 The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
• The ABCD matrix of the cascade connection of 2 or
more 2-port networks can be easily found by
multiplying the ABCD matrices of the individual 2-
ports.
39
V1 AV2 BI 2 V1 A B V2
I1 CV2 DI 2 I C D I
1 2
V1 A1 B1 V2
I C
D1 I 2
1 1 V1 A1 B1 A2 B2 V3
I C D1 C2 D2 I 3
V2 A2 B2 V3 1 1
I C D2 I 3
2 2
40
Relation to Impedance Matrix
• From the Z parameters with -I2 ,
V1 I1Z11 I 2 Z12
I1 I1Z 21 I 2 Z 22
V1 I1Z11
A Z11 / Z 21
V2 I 2 0
I1Z 21
I1 I1
C 1/ Z 21
V2 I 2 0
I1Z 21
I1 I 2 Z 22
D Z 22 / Z 21
I2 V2 0
I2
41
• If the network is reciprocal, Z12=Z21, and AD-BC=1.
42
Figure 4.12 (p.
188)
A coax-to-microstrip
transition and equivalent
circuit representations.
(a) Geometry of the
transition. (b)
Representation of the
transition by a “black
box.”
(c) A possible equivalent
circuit for the transition
[6].
43
Figure 4.13 (p. 188)
Equivalent circuits for a reciprocal two-port network. (a) T
equivalent.
(b) π equivalent.
44
4.5 Signal Flow Graphs
• Very useful for the features and the construction of
the flow transmitted and reflected waves.
• Nodes: Each port, i, of a microwave network has 2
nodes, ai and bi. Node ai is identified with a wave
entering port i, while node bi is identified with a wave
reflected from port i. The voltage at a node is equal to
the sum of all signals entering that node.
• Branches: A branch is directed path between 2 nodes,
representing signal flow from one node to another.
Every branch has an associated S parameter or
reflection coefficient.
45
Figure 4.14 (p. 189)
The signal flow graph representation of a two-port network. (a)
Definition of incident and reflected waves. (b) Signal flow graph. 46
Figure 4.15 (p. 190)
The signal flow graph representations of a one-port network and a
source.
(a) A one-port network and its flow graph. (b) A source and its 47
flow graph.
Decomposition of Signal Flow Graphs
• A signal flow graph can be reduced to a single branch
between 2 nodes using the 4 basic decomposition
rules below, to obtain any desired wave amplitude
ratio.
– Rule 1 (Series Rule): V3 = S32V2 = S32S21V1 .
– Rule 2 (Parallel Rule): V2 = SaV1 + SbV1 = (Sa + Sb)V1.
– Rule 3 (Self-Loop Rule): V2 = S21V1 + S22V2, V3 = S32V2.
V3 = S32S21V1/(1-S22)
– Rule 4 (Splitting Rule): V4 = S42V2 = S21S42V1.
48
Figure 4.16
(p. 191)
Decomposition
rules. (a) Series rule.
49
Ex 4.7 Application of Signal Flow Graph
57
199)
Some common microstrip
discontinuities. (a) Open-
ended microstrip. (b) Gap
in microstrip. (c) Change in
width.
(d) T-junction. (e) Coax-to-
microstrip junction.
58
Figure 4.24 (p. 200)
Geometry of an H-plane step (change in width) in rectangular
waveguide. 59
Figure 4.25 (p. 203)
Equivalent inductance of an H-plane asymmetric step. 60
Figure on page 204
Reference: T.C. Edwards, Foundations for Microwave Circuit Design, Wiley, 1981.
61
Figure 4.26 (p. 205)
An infinitely long rectangular waveguide with surface current
densities at z = 0. 62
Figure 4.27 (p. 206)
An arbitrary electric or magnetic current source in an infinitely
long waveguide. 63
Figure 4.28 (p. 208)
A uniform current probe in a rectangular waveguide. 64
Figure 4.29 (p. 210)
Various waveguide and other transmission line configurations using
aperture coupling. (a) Coupling between two waveguides wit an
aperture in the common broad wall. (b) Coupling to a waveguide
cavity via an aperture in a transverse wall. (c) Coupling between
two microstrip lines via an aperture in the common ground plane. 65
(d) Coupling from a waveguide to a stripline via an aperture.
Figure 4.30 (p. 210)
Illustrating the development of equivalent electric and magnetic
polarization currents at an aperture in a conducting wall (a) Normal
electric field at a conducting wall. (b) Electric field lines around an
aperture in a conducting wall. (c) Electric field lines around electric
polarization currents normal to a conducting wall. (d) Magnetic field
lines near a conducting wall. (e) Magnetic field lines near an 66
aperture in a conducting wall. (f) Magnetic field lines near magnetic
image theory to the
problem of an aperture in
the transverse wall of a
waveguide. (a) Geometry
of a circular aperture in
the transverse wall of a
waveguide. (b) Fields
with aperture closed. (c)
Fields with aperture open.
(d) Fields with aperture
closed and replaced with
equivalent dipoles.
(e) Fields radiated by
equivalent dipoles for x <
0; wall removed by image
theory.
(f) Fields radiated by
equivalent dipoles for z > 67