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2
• Important factors in the selection of matching
network.
– Complexity
– Bandwidth
– Implementation
– Ajdustability
3
5.1 Matching with Lumped Elements
• L-section is the simplest type of matching
network.
• 2 possible configurations
B( XRL X L Z 0 ) RL Z 0
X (1 BX L ) BZ 0 RL X L
• Removing X X L RL / Z 0 RL2 X L2 Z 0 RL
B
RL2 X L2
1 X L Z0 Z0
X
B RL BRL 5
• For Fig.5.2b, RL<Z0.
1 1
jB
Z0 RL j ( X X L )
BZ 0 ( X X L ) Z 0 RL
( X X L ) BZ 0 RL
X RL ( Z 0 RL ) X L
( Z 0 RL ) / RL
B
Z0
6
Smith Chart Solutions
• Ex 5.1
7
Figure 5.3b (p. 227)
(b) The two possible L-
section matching
circuits. (c) Reflection
coefficient magnitudes
versus frequency for the
matching circuits of (b).
8
Figure on page 228. 9
5.2 Single Stub Tuning
10
• 2 adjustable parameters
– d: from the load to the stub position.
– B or X provided by the shunt or series stub.
• For the shunt-stub case,
– Select d so that Y seen looking into the line at d
from the load is Y0+jB
– Then the stub susceptance is chosen as –jB.
• For the series-stub case,
– Select d so that Z seen looking into the line at d
from the load is Z0+jX
– Then the stub reactance is chosen as –jX.
11
Shunt Stubs
• Ex 5.2 Single-Stub Shunt Tuning
ZL=60-j80
l0 1 Y 1 Y
tan 1 0 tan 1 0
2 BS 2 B for short stub
15
Series Stubs
• Ex 5.3 Single Stub Series Tuning
ZL = 100+j80
16
Figure 5.6b (p. 232)
(b) The two series-
stub tuning solutions.
(c) Reflection
coefficient
magnitudes versus
frequency for the
tuning circuits of (b).
17
• To derive formulas for d and l, let YL= 1/ZL=
(GL jBL ) jY0 tan d
GL+ jBL. Y Y0
Y0 j (GL jBL ) tan d
1
Z R jX
Y
GL (1 tan 2 d )
where R 2
GL ( BL Y0 tan d ) 2
GL2 tan d (Y0 BL tan d )( BL Y0 tan d )
X
Y0 [GL2 ( BL Y0 tan d ) 2 ]
l0 1 Z 1 Z
tan 1 0 tan 1 0
2 X S 2 X for open stub
19
5.3 Double-Stub Tuning
• If an adjustable tuner was desired, single-tuner
would probably pose some difficulty.
20
Figure 5.7 (p.
236)
Double-stub
tuning.
(a) Original
circuit with the
load an arbitrary
distance from the
first stub.
(b) Equivalent-
circuit with load
at the first stub.
21
Figure 5.8 (p.
236)
Smith chart
diagram for the
operation of a
double-stub
tuner.
22
Ex. 5.4 ZL = 60-j80
Open stubs, d = λ/8
23
Figure 5.9b (p. 239)
(b) The two double-stub tuning solutions.
(c) Reflection coefficient magnitudes versus frequency 24
for the tuning circuits of (b).
Analytic Solution
• To the left of the first stub in Fig. 5.7b,
Y1 = GL + j(BL+B1) where YL = GL + jBL
• To the right of the 2nd stub,
GL j ( BL B1 Y0t )
Y2 Y0 where t tan d
Y0 jt (GL jBL jB1 )
1 t2 Y0
0 GL Y0 2
t sin 2 d
27
5.4 The Quarter-Wave Transformer
• Single-section transformer for narrow band
impedance match.
• Multisection quarter-wave transformer designs
for a desired frequency band.
• One drawback is that this can only match a
real load impedance.
• For single-section,
Z1 Z 0 Z L
28
Figure 5.10 (p. 241)
A single-section quarter-wave matching
transformer. 0 4 at the design
frequency f0. 29
• The input impedance seen looking into the
matching section is
Z L jZ1t
Z in Z1
Z1 jZ Lt
1
1 4Z Z
1/ 2
L 0 /( Z L Z 0 ) 4t Z 0 Z L /( Z L Z 0 )
2 2 2
1
1 4Z Z
1/ 2
L 0 /( Z L Z 0 ) sec
2 2
31
• Now assume f ≈ f0, then l ≈ λ0/4 and θ ≈ π/2.
Then sec2 θ >> 1.
Z L Z0
cos , for near / 2
2 Z0 Z L
32
• We can define the bandwidth of the matching
transformer as 2
m
2
2
1 2 Z0 Z L
1 sec m
m2 Z Z
L 0
m 2 Z0 Z L
or cos m
1 2m Z L Z 0
2 f v p f
• For TEM line, l
v p 4 f0 2 f0
2 m f 0
• At θ = θm, fm
33
• The fractional bandwidth is
f 2( f 0 f m ) fm 4 m
22 2
f0 f0 f0
4 2 Z0 Z L
2 cos
1 m
1 2m Z L Z 0
34
Figure 5.12 (p. 243)
Reflection coefficient magnitude versus frequency for a
single-section quarter-wave matching transformer with 35
various load mismatches.
5.5 The Theory of Small Reflection
Single-Section Transformer
Z 2 Z1 Z L Z2
1 , 2 1 , 3 ,
Z 2 Z1 Z L Z2
2Z 2 2Z1
T21 1 1 , T12 1 2
Z 2 Z1 Z 2 Z1
1 T12T213e 2 j T12T2132 2 e4 j
T12T213e 2 j
1
1 23e 2 j
2 j
13 1
1 3e 1 3e 2 j
1 1 3e 2 j
36
Figure 5.13 (p. 244)
Partial reflections and transmissions on a single-section
matching transformer. 37
Multisection Transformer
Z1 Z 0 Z n 1 Z n ZL ZN
0 , n , N ,
Z1 Z 0 Z n 1 Z n ZL ZN
( ) 0 1e2 j 2 e 4 j N e 2 jN
• Assume the transformer is symmetrical,
0 N , 1 N 1, 2 N 2, etc.
38
( ) e jN { 0 [e jN e jN ] 1[e j ( N 1) e j ( N 1) ] }
• If N is odd, the last term is ( N 1) / 2 (e j e j )
while N is even, N / 2
( ) 2e jN [ 0 cos N 1 cos( N 2)
1
N / 2 ], for N even,
2
( ) 2e jN [ 0 cos N 1 cos( N 2)
1
( N 1) / 2 cos ], for N odd,
2
39
5.6 Binomial Multisection Matching Transformer
• The response is as flat as possible near the
design frequency. maximally flat
• This type of response is designed, for an N-
section transformer, by setting the first N-1
derivatives of |Γ(θ)| to 0 at f0.
• Such a response can be obtained if we let
( ) A(1 e j 2 ) N
j j 2 N
( ) A e e e
N
2 A cos
N
40
• Note that |Γ(θ)| = 0 for θ=π/2, (dn |Γ(θ)|/dθn ) =
0 at θ=π/2 for n = 1, 2, …, N-1.
• By letting f 0,
Z L Z0 N Z L Z0
(0) 2 A N
A2
Z L Z0 Z L Z0
N
( ) A(1 e j 2 ) N A CnN e 2 jn ,
n 0
N!
where C N
n
( N n)!n !
N
( ) A C e N 2 jn
n 0 1e 2 j
2e 4 j
Ne 2 jN
n 0
41
• Γn must be chosen as n ACnN
• Since we assumed that Γn are small, ln x ≈ 2(x-
1)/(x+1),
Z n 1 Z n 1 Z n 1
n ln
Z n 1 Z n 2 Zn
Z n 1 N Z L Z0 N ZL
ln 2 n 2 ACn 2(2 )
N N N
Cn 2 Cn ln
Zn Z L Z0 Z0
42
• The bandwidth of the binomial transformer
m 2 N | A | cos N m
1
1/ N
m cos 1 m
2 | A |
f 2( f 0 f m ) m
24
f0 f0
4 1
1/ N
2 cos 1 m
2 | A |
1 Z L Z0 1 Z L Z0 1 ZL
TN (sec m ) ln
A Z L Z 0 m Z L Z 0 2 m Z0
cosh( N cosh 1 (sec m ))
1 1 Z L Z0
sec m cosh cosh
1
N m Z L Z 0
1 1
1 Z L
cosh cosh ln
N 2 m Z 0
50
• Once θm is known,
f m
24
f0
Ex 5.7 Chebyshev Transformer Design
Γm = 0.05, Z0 = 50, ZL = 100
Use Table 5.2
51
Figure 5.17 (p. 255)
Reflection coefficient magnitude versus frequency for
the multisection matching transformers of Example 5.7. 52
Figure 5.18 (p. 256)
A tapered transmission line matching
section and the model for an incremental
length of tapered line. (a) The tapered
transmission line matching section. 53
Figure 5.19 (p. 257)
A matching section with an exponential
impedance taper. (a) Variation of
impedance. (b) Resulting reflection 54
triangular taper
for d(In Z/Z0/dz.
(a) Variation of
impedance. (b)
Resulting
reflection
coefficient
magnitude
response.
55
(a) Impedance
variations for the
triangular,
exponential, and
Klopfenstein tapers.
(b) Resulting
reflection coefficient
magnitude versus
frequency for the
tapers of (a).
56
with passive and
lossless networks
(ω0 is the center
frequency of the
matching
bandwidth). (a)
Parallel RC.
(b) Series RC. (c)
Parallel RL.
(d) Series RL.
57
Figure 5.23 (p. 263)
Illustrating the Bode-Fano criterion. (a) A
possible reflection coefficient response. (b)
Nonrealizable and realizable reflection 58