Fluids Mechanics

• Pascal Principle
• Bernoulli’s Equation
 Pressure & Pascal’s Principle
P F
A “Pressure applied to any part of
an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undimished to every point of the
fluid and to the walls of the
container”

Each face feels same force

 Transmitting force Hydraulic press

F1 F2
P 
A1 A2

An applied force F1 can

be “amplified”:

A2
F2  F1
A1
Examples: hydraulic brakes,
forklifts, car lifts, etc.
 Pressure and Depth
w is weight
w  Mg  Vg  Ahg

Sum forces to zero,

PA  P0 A  w  0

Factor A
P  P0  gh
Example 9.5 (skip)
Find the pressure at 10,000 m of water.
DATA: Atmospheric pressure = 1.015x105 Pa.

9.82x107 Pa
 Example 9.6

Assume the ultimate strength of legos is 4.0x104

Pa. If the density of legos is 150 kg/m3, what is
the maximum possible height for a lego tower?

27.2 m
Example 9.7
Estimate the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere given
that atmospheric pressure is 1.015x105 Pa.
Data: Rearth=6.36x106 m

5.26x1018 kg
 Archimedes Principle
Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid
is buoyed up by a force whose magnitude is equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
Example 9.8
A helicopter lowers a probe into Lake Michigan which
is suspended on a cable. The probe has a mass of 500
kg and its average density is 1400 kg/m3. What is the
tension in the cable?

1401 N
 Example 9.9a
A wooden ball of mass M and volume V floats on
swimming
a pool. The density of the wood is wood <H20.
The buoyant force acting on the ball is:

a) Mg upward
b) H20gV upward
c) (H20-wood)gV upward
 Example 9.9b
A steel ball of mass M and volume V rests on the
bottom of a swimming pool. The density of the
steel
is steel >H20. The buoyant force acting on the ball is:

a) Mg upward
b) H20gV upward
c) (steel-H20)gV upward
 Example 9.10
A small swimming pool has an area of 10 square
meters. A wooden 4000-kg statue of density 500
kg/m3 is then floated on top of the pool. How far
does the water rise?

Data: Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

40 cm
 Equation of Continuity
What goes in must come out!
mass density
M  Ax  Avt

Mass that passes a point in

pipe during time t

Eq. of Continuity

1A1v1  2 A2v2
 Example 9.11
Water flows through a 4.0 cm diameter pipe at 5
cm/s. The pipe then narrows downstream and has a
diameter of of 2.0 cm. What is the velocity of
the water through the smaller pipe?

20 cm/s
 Laminar or Streamline Flow

• Fluid elements move

along smooth paths
• Friction in laminar
flow
is called viscosity
 Turbulence

• Fluid elements move along irregular paths

• Sets in for high velocity gradients (small pipes)
 Ideal Fluids
• Laminar Flow -> No turbulence
• Non-viscous -> No friction between fluid layers
• Incompressible -> Density is same everywhere
 Bernoulli’s Equation

1
P  v2  gy  constant
2

Sum of P, KE/V and PE/V is constant

How can we derive this?

 Bernoulli’s Equation: derivation
Consider a volume V of mass M of
incompressible fluid,
1 22 1
KE  2 Mv  2Mv 21

1 1
 2 Vv22  2Vv21
PE  Mgy2  Mgy1
 Vgy2  Vgy1
W F1x1  F2x2
 P1A1x1  P2 A2 x2
 P1V  P2 V

1 2 1 2
P1  gh 1  v1 P 2  gh2  v2
2 2
 Example 9.12

A very large pipe carries Venturi Meter

water with a very slow
velocity and empties into a
small pipe with a high
velocity. If P2 is 7000 Pa
lower than P1, what is the
velocity of the water in
the small pipe?

3.74 m/s
 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

•Venturi meter
•Curve balls
•Airplanes

Beach Ball & Straws Demos

 Example 9.13a

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,

choose >, < or =

1 2

a) =
•<
•>
 Example 9.13b

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,

choose >, < or =

Mass that passes “1” in one second

mass that passes “2” in one second
a) =
•<
•>
 Example 9.13c

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,

choose >, < or =

v1 v2

a) =
•<
•>
 Example 9.13d

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,

choose >, < or =

P1 P2
a) =
b) <
c) >
 Example 9.14 a
Water drains out of the bottom of a
cooler at 3 m/s, what is the depth of
the water above the valve? b

45.9 cm