BY-

SANTANU SAHA
PULKIT TANEJA
SUMIT DANGWAL
PRASUN
VISHAL .A

ADHESIVES BY:

RISHIKA KESHARWANI

PALAK GUPTA

VANSHIKA SARASWAT

VIDHU ROY

RISABH SAROJ
INTRODUCTION

 Adhesive, also known as glue, cement, or paste, is any non metallic

substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds
them together and resists their separation.
 Adhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically.
HISTORY
 The earliest human use of adhesive-like substances was approximately 200,000
years ago, when Neanderthals produced tar from the dry distillation of birch
bark for use in binding stone tools to wooden handles
 The earliest known use of adhesives was discovered in central Italy when two
stone flakes partially covered with birch-bark tar and a third uncovered stone
from the Middle Pleistocene era (circa 200,000 years ago) were found.
 The first references to adhesives in literature appeared in approximately 2000
BC. Artifacts from this period include paintings depicting wood gluing operations
and a casket made of wood and glue in King Tutankhamun's tomb.
 Other ancient Egyptian artifacts employ animal glue for bonding or lamination
using casein (milk protein)-based glues. The ancient Egyptians also developed
starch-based pastes for the bonding of papyrus to clothing and a plaster of
Paris-like material made of calcined gypsum
IMPORTANCE
 A wide variety of combinations in joining is possible.
 It can be used for bonding the surfaces of glass, metal, plastics and
wood
 It is possible to prevent corrosion between different metals joined by
adhesive.
 It produces adequate strength.
 The permeable joint can be made impermeable for water and gas by
the application of adhesives. – Waterproof adhesives
 The process of applying adhesive is easy, economical and speedy.
LIMITATIONS OF ADHESIVES
 It is not possible to adopt any adhesive for all substances. Depending upon
the properties of substances to be joined, suitable adhesive has to be
selected. - Different adhesives for specific purposes

 The adhesive substance does not become strong immediately after its
application. It requires some time to attain the desired strength.

 The adhesive substance generally does not remain stable at high

temperature.
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE
QUALITY OF AN ADHESIVE :

 Its degree or intensity of sticking.

 Its durability.
 Its resistance to heat.
 The strength of bond developed after drying or setting.
TYPES OF ADHESIVES
ORGANIC ADHESIVES
ANIMAL PROTEIN GLUES :
 These glues are obtained by boiling the waste pieces of skins, bones,
trimmings etc, of animals with hot water.
 The extract is cooked to form a gelatin material.
 Animal glues develop strong and tough joints and are easily applied,
 This adhesive is affected by damp and moist conditions.
 Animal glues are available in the form of flakes, pearls, cakes, cubes,
granules and in the form of jelly.
 This is used in the manufacture of plywood, laminated timbers etc.
 Eg: FISH GLUE a similar protein-based glue made from the skins and bones of
fish.
ORGANIC ADHESIVES
BLOOD ALBUMIN GLUES :
 This type of glue is made by drying raw blood.
 This glue is of better quality and is affected little by damp and moist
conditions.
 This type is used for making furniture.
ORGANIC ADHESIVES
STARCH ADHESIVES:
 STARCH a carbohydrate extracted from vegetable plants such as corn, rice,
wheat, potatoes, and is probably better known as paste.
 They possess good strength on drying but are not moisture resistant
 Major use area is in bonding paper and paper products such as bookbinding,
corrugated boxes, paper bags, and wallpaper paste
EG: CELLULOSE ADHESIVE
 CELLULOSE ADHESIVE is made from a natural polymer found in trees and
woody plants. It is the adhesive used on the cellophane wrapper on cigarette
packs
  It solidifies or harden when it is exposed to one source of ultraviolet
radiation with an predefined intensity and wavelength.
ORGANIC ADHESIVES
CASEIN ADHESIVES
 These are prepared form casein precipitated from skimmed milk.
 FISH GLUE - An exceptionally clear adhesive can be CASEIN GLUE made from a
protein isolated from milk. The extraction process creates an adhesive that is
waterproof.
SYNTHETIC ADHESIVES
Synthetic glues are based on synthetic resins. Broadly speaking, they are of two
types :
 THERMO-SETTING GLUES
 THERMO-PLASTIC GLUES
These glues have revolutionized the method of gluing for plywood and other
wood works.
 These glues are applied in the liquid and dry form.
 Thermo-setting glues are permanent, once they are set.
 Thermo-plastic glues can be made plasticagain by reheating.
 All these glues from synthetic resins are strong, waterproof and the setting
time can be regulated by varying the kind and amount of the hardener.
 They are resistant to fungal attack and posses non-staining qualities.
THERMOPLASTIC
THESE PLASTICS CAN BE SOFTEN BY HEATING AND HARDENED BY COOLING ANY NUMBER OF
TIMES WITHOUT CHANGING THE PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIAL
IT S THUS POSSIBLE TO SHAPE AND RESHAPE THESE PLASTIC BY MEANS OF HEAT AND PRESSURE
ONE IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE OF THIS VARIETY OF PLASTIC IS THAT SCRAP OBTAINED FROM OLD
AND WARNOUT ARTICLES CAN BE EFFECTIVELY USED AGAIN.
THERMOPLASTICS CAN BE REMOLDED AD RECYCLED WITHOUT EFFECTING THE MATERIAL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES
 SOFTENS AND LIQUEFIES ON HEATING AND HARDENS UPTO COOLING
 RETAINS SHAPE AFTER MANUFACTURE
 CAN BE RESHAPED BY HEATING
 SUITABLE FOR RECYCLING
 THEY ARE SOLUBLE IN CERTAIN SOLVENTS
THERMOPLASTIC

STRUCTURE
THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS ARE MADE UP OF POLYMERS LINKED BY INTER MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS OR
VAN DER WAALS FORCES, FORMING LINEAR OR BRANCHED STRUCTURES.

EXAMPLES
ACRYLIC, POLYESTER, POLYPROPYLENE, POLYSTYRENE, NYLON AND TEFLON.
THESE MATERIALS SEE A WIDE VARIETY OF USE IN MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS FROM CLOTHING AND NON
STICK COOKWARE TO CARPETS AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS.
APPLICATIONS
 THERMOPLASTICS HAVE BEEN AROUND FOR A LONG TIME AND ARE AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT
OF EVERYDAY LIFE TODAY. FOR EXAMPLE,
 ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS) IS A THERMOPLSTIC USED TO MANUFACTURE:
o SPORTS EQUIPMENT
o TOYS
o VARIOUS AUTOMOBILE PARTS

 POLYCARBONATE IS USED TO MAKE:

o CD’s AND DVD’s
o DRINKING BOTTLES
o FOOD STORAGE CONTAINERS

 POLYEHTLENE IS PROBABLY THE MOST COMMON THERMOPLASTIC AND IS USED TO MAKE:

o SHAMPOO BOTTLES
o PLASTIC GROCERY BAGS
o BULLET-PROOF VESTS.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Extremely adhesive to metal.  May soften when reheated.
 Highly recyclable.  Can be more expensive then
 Excellent corrosion resistance. thermoset.

 Aesthetically superior finishes.  May degrade in direct sunlight or

under high UV light levels.
 Can be remoulded and reshaped.
 Poor resistance to hydrocarbons
 Detergent and chemical resistant. and organic solvents.
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
THESE PLASTICS ARE EITHER ORIGINALLY SOFT OR LIQUID OR THEY SOFTEN ONCE UPON HEATING,THEY
HARDEN PERMANENTLY.
WHEN THEY ARE HEATED IN THE TEMPERATURE OF 127 DEGREE CENTIGRADE TO 177 DEGREE
CENTIGRADE, THEY SET PERMANENTLY AND FURTHER APPLICATION OF HEAT DOES NOT ALTER THEIR
FORM OF SOFTEN THEM .
THE THERMO SETTING PLASTICS ARE DURABLE, STRONG AND HARD
THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN A VARIETY OF BEAUTIFUL COLORS

PROPERTIES
 PERMANENTLY HARD ON HEATING ABOVE A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE
 UNERGOES CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING MANUFACTURE
 CAN NOT BE MELTED AND RESHAPED
 LITTLE POTENTIAL FOR RECYCLING
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
STRUCTURE
THERMOSETS PLASTIC CONTAIN POLYMERS THAT CROSS INK TOGETHER DURING THE CURING PROCESS TO
FORM AN IRREVERSABLE CHEMICAL BOND THE CROSS INKING PROCESS ELEMINATES THE RISK OF THE
PRODUCT REMELTING WHEN HEAT IS APPLIED,MAKING THERMOSETS IDEAL FOR HIGH HEAT APPLICATIONS
SUCH AS ELECTONICS AND APPLIANCES

EXAMPLES
EPOXY RESIN, MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE, POLYESTER RESIN, UREA FORMALDEHYDE
FEATURES AND BENEFITS
THERMOPLASTIC
 THERE ARE MULTIPLE THERMOPLASTIC RESINS THAT OFFER VARIOUS PERFORMANCE
BENEFITS.
 MOST MATERIALS COOMONLY OFFER
o HIGH STRENGTH
o SHRINK RESISTANCE AND EASY BENDABILITY .
o DEPENDING ON THE RAISEN THERMOPLASTIC CAN SERVE LOW STRENGTH APPLICATION SUCH
AS PLASTIC BAGS
THERMOSETTING
 THIS MATERIAL COOMONLY OFFERS
o THERMOSET PLASTIC SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVE THE MATERIAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PROVIDING ENHANCES CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
o HEAT RESISTANCE
o STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY .
 THERMOSET PLASTICS ARE OFTEN USED FOR SEALED PRODUCTS DUE TO THEIR
RESISTANCE TO DEFORMATION
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

 MORE RESISTANT TO HIGH  CAN NOT BE RECYCLED

TEMPERATURE  MORE DIFICULT TO APPLY ON SURFACE
 HIGHLY FLEXIBLE DESIGN  CANNOT BE REMOULDED OR RESHAPED
 THICK TO THIN WALL CAPABILITIES
 EXCELLENT AESTHETIC APEARENCE
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THERMOPLASTIC &
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
Thermoplastic
 These are linear polymers.
 They undergo no chemical change in
the moulding operation.
 They can be softened again and
again.
 These plastics can be reused.
 These are soft and flexible.
 They are affected by certain
solvents.
 They are not fire proof.
 Examples- Acrylic, Nylon,
Teflon,
Polystyrene, etc.
Thermosetting plastic
 These are cross-linked polymers.
 They undergo chemical change in the
moulding operation.
 They cannot be re-softened once
they get hard.
 These plastics cannot be reused.
 These are hard and brittle.
 They are unaffected by any
solvent.
 These are fire proof.
 Examples- Epoxy resin, Bakelite,
Vulcanized rubber, etc.
Assignment:
List down examples and Application of each adhesive.

Natural Adhesives:
a. Animal Protein Glues
b. Blood Albumin Glues
c. Casein Adhesives
d. Starch Adhesives

Synthetic Adhesives:
e. Thermo Plastics
f. Thermosetting Plastics
THANKYOU!