GTS PRESENTATION ON

VIBRATING MACHINE
FOUNDATION

January 2015

© 2014 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,
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without the permission of the copyright owner.
Presentation Outline

 Introduction
 Definitions
 Required Input
 Theory of vibration
 Design Criteria
 Introduction to Vibrating Machine
Foundation

Causes of vibrations in machine foundations are imbalance,

misalignment, worn, improper driven, looseness and
resonance. The analysis and design of foundations subjected
to vibratory loads involves interaction of structural
engineering, geotechnical engineering and the theory of
vibration. The overall sizes of the machine foundation are
determined on the plant layout requirements, from machine
and geotechnical data and dynamic characteristics / response
of the foundation. Two kind of following foundation
classifications are adopted,
1. Block Foundation – Consist of thick slab of concrete
directly supporting the
machine and fixed auxiliary
equipment.
2. Table Top Foundation – Consist of framed structure with
top slab, columns and bottom
slab. The skid mounted machinery
Definitions

• Amplitude – The maximum change of a body or some part of the system from a
reference point at any given time (Displacement).
• Vibration – The time varying magnitude of peak displacement from a reference
point.
• Damping – A factor used in a dynamic system to account for the dissipation of
energy.
• Modal – The dynamic analysis of multi-degree freedom system, where the
response in the normal modes are determined separately, and then
superimposed to get the total response.
• Eigenvalues – Character values or natural frequencies.
• Reciprocating Machine – Machine that produce unbalanced force (Compressor
and reciprocating engines) with operating frequency < 600 rpm.
• Rotary Machines – High speed machines like turbo generator or rotary
compressor. May have speed more than 3000 rpm and reaching 10000 rmp.
Input Required
Machine Data
1. General arrangement showing location of machine, driver, gear box and
auxiliary items.
2. Outline dimensions of machine base and anchor bolt layout.
3. Foundation bolt specifications, including material, configuration and size of
anchor bolts.
4. Weight and location of CG for the combined machine assembly and for each
component, especially rotating mass.
5. Magnitude and location of specific static loads
6. For reciprocating machines both primary and secondary unbalanced forces and
couples and respective C. G. locations.
7. For centrifugal machines the dynamic unbalanced forces are required for each
rotor to be applied at respective C.G. locations.
8. Machine operating speed or operating speed range.
Input Required
Machine Data
9. Grouting requirements.
10. Specific limits of dynamic amplitudes that could damage the machine at
operating speed or could shut down the machine from operation.
11. Specific recommendations from machine vendor regarding design and
construction of machine foundation, if any.
Input Required
Geotechnical Data
The geotechnical data are used for evaluating the soil/pile stiffness and
damping coefficients, and are required for both static and dynamic design and
analysis of foundations. The following soil parameters are required:

1. Soil weight density (γs)

2. Poisson's ratio (µ)
3. Dynamic shear modulus (Gs) or the shear wave velocity (Vs) from the
4. Cross-hole seismic survey; the tests should be made to a depth equal to at least
two times the largest equivalent circular foundation radius, r0. Consult with soil
consultant if a range of shear modulus (upper and lower bound values) should
be considered.
5. Dynamic modulus of subgrade reaction
6. Allowable soil bearing pressure or pile load capacity for design of foundation.
Theory of Vibration
Vibrations:: Vibration are time dependent displacements of a particle or a system
of particles w.r.t an equilibrium position. If these displacements are repetitive and
their repetitions are executed at equal interval of time w.r.t an equilibrium position
the resulting motion is said to be periodic.
One of the most important parameters associated with engineering vibration is the
natural frequency.. Each structure has its own natural frequency for a series of
different modes which control its dynamic behavior. Whenever the natural
frequency of a mode of vibration of a structure coincides with the frequency of the
external dynamic loading, this leads to excessive deflections and potential
catastrophic failures. This is the phenomenon of resonance.
Following are the classification of vibrations,
1. Free and forced vibration
2. Un-damped and damped vibration
3. Linear and nonlinear vibration
 Theory of Vibration

• Dynamic loads
The dynamic loads are time variable load, e.g. Earthquake, impact, blast loads
Vibrating machine loads etc. Displacement and stresses are time dependent. The
inertia forces are part of the loading system. The dynamic loads lead to vibration
of the soil and foundation system.
In this, Work done = Potential energy + Kinetic energy,
Displacement is connected to the stiffness of the structure and acceleration is
connected to the inertia of the structure.
• D'Alambert's principle:
A system may be set in state of dynamic equilibrium by adding to the external
forces a fictitious force which is commonly known Inertia force. The resulting
displacements are associated with accelerations which produce inertial forces
resisting the acceleration.
 Theory of Vibration
• Degrees of freedom
This can be defined as number of independent coordinates required to
completely specify the response of vibrating system.
For a single particle, there are 3 DOFs: (Forces in Fx,Fy,Fz directions).
For a rigid body, there are 6 DOFs : (Forces in Fx,Fy,Fz directions),
(Moments in x,y,z directions).

Z
Y

θ
φ
X
ψ
Theory of Vibration
Dynamic Equilibrium Equation and Mathematical Modelling:

------------(1)

Where,

- mass of the system

- Acceleration

- Damping co-efficient

- Velocity

- Spring constant

- Displacement
Theory of Vibration
Damped Single Degree of freedom system : Amplitude of Vibration for
Transient or Free Vibration

This will satisfy the solution for equation 1 – Substituting the same in
equation-1:

--- (2)

The general solution for eqn-1 is given by

--- (3)
Theory of Vibration
The final form of equation-3 depends on the sign of the expression under radical
in equation-2: Three different cases may occur as indicated below,
1. Critically damped (The quantity under radical is zero)

Based on above equations, the general solution of equation -1 is given by,

Critically Damped Condition

 Theory of Vibration

2. Overdamped (The quantity under radical is Positive)

In an over-damped system, the damping coefficient is greater than the value for
critical damping, ie C > ccr
Therefore, the expression under the radical of equation (2) is positive, thus the two
roots of the characteristic equation are real and distinct, and consequently the
solution is given directly by equation (3). For the over-damped and critically
damped system, the resulting motion is not oscillatory. The magnitude of
oscillations decays exponentially with time to zero.
3. Underdamped (The quantity under radical is Positive)
When the value of damping coefficient is less than the critical value (C < ccr)
The roots of the character equation 2 are complex and conjugate. So that

i --- (4)
Theory of Vibration
  this case, it is convenient to make use of Euler’s equation which relate
For
exponential and trigonometric functions, namely

eix = cos x + i sin x

e-ix = cos x - i sin x
On substituting roots p1 and p2 from equation 4 in to equation 3 together with the
use of above equations, which gives the following convenient form for the general
solution of the underdamped system,
----(5)
Where A and B are redefined constants of integration and ωD, the damped
frequency of the system, is given by

- Damping Ratio of the system

Theory of Vibration

Damped period of vibration is given by

Theory of Vibration
Single Degree of System to Harmonic Loading

Un-damped Harmonic Excitation is

studied by the following equation

----(6)

- Peak amplitude
- Angular frequency of force

The Solution for Eq – 6 is given by

- Frequency Ratio
Theory of Vibration
Single Degree of System to Harmonic Loading

Damped Harmonic Excitation is

studied by the following equation

----(6)

- Peak amplitude
- Angular frequency of force

The Solution for Eq – 6 is given by

- Frequency Ratio
Theory of Vibration
Single Degree of System to Harmonic Loading

Un-damped Harmonic Excitation is

studied by the following equation

----(6)

- Peak amplitude
- Angular frequency of force

The Solution for Eq – 6 is given by

- Frequency Ratio
Theory of Vibration
Single Degree of System to Harmonic Loading

Un-damped Harmonic Excitation is

studied by the following equation

----(6)

- Peak amplitude
- Angular frequency of force

The Solution for Eq – 6 is given by

- Frequency Ratio
Theory of Vibration
• Single Degree of System to Harmonic Loading

Damped Harmonic Excitation is

studied by the following equation

----(7)

- Peak amplitude
- Angular frequency of force

The Solution for Eq – 7 is given by

Transient Response Steady State Response

Theory of Vibration
• Dynamic amplification factor, D
The ratio of the steady state amplitude to the static deflection is defined as “Dynamic
Magnification Factor”, which is represented by the following formula,

=0.01
100.0
=0.05
10.0
=0.2 =0.1
D

 - Critical damping ratio –

1.0 damping controls amplitude at
0 1 2 3 4 resonance
=0.5
0.1
Theory of Vibration
THANK YOU