Module 2- Faults

Part I
17/04/2020

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 FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS

Any failure which interferes with the normal flow of current

or
Defect due to which current is diverted from the intended path

Causes :
Insulation Failure
Flash over of lines
Faulty operation
Permanent damage to conductors and towers
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Faults

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 TYPES OF FAULTS

1) Series or Open conductor fault

• Melting of conductors (1 or 2 conductors)
• Mal operation of Relay and CB

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 2) Shunt or Short circuit fault
• Insulation Failures
• Short circuit between conductors and ground

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 Consequences of Faults
Series Fault Shunt Fault

Current supplied reduces Creates Over current

System experiences System experiences

Over Voltage Under Voltage

Pm > Pe, f increases Pm < Pe, f decreases

p.f may increase p.f may decrease

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 Transient in transmission line
• Fault condition can be simulated by closing the switch at
t=0

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 Transients in alternator
• Concept of Constant Flux Linkage
“It is impossible to change the flux linkages in a closed
electrical circuit that contains no resistance or capacitance”

• Armature is similar to R-L circuit but XL is a function of

time

Direct axis Subtransient reactance – Xd’’

Direct axis Transient reactance – Xd’

Direct axis Synchronous reactance - Xd

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Subtransient Circuit Model

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Transient Circuit Model

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Steady state Circuit Model

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 Circuit Models of Alternator under Fault

Xd > Xd’ > Xd’’

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 Problem on symmetrical fault
calculation

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Using Kirchoff’s law

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Using Thevenin’s theorem

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To find fault current

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To find change in current due to
fault

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Assignment 4
• Do the above problem by yourself

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Doubts ???

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