Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
GROUP MEMBERS:
KHADHEEJA NEHLA. V.P
ANJANA. K
NASNA NASEER
GROUP NUMBER: 3
INTRODUCTION
Retention
their consequences and that accordingly, individual behaviors can be changed through
Social media, Website and user experience (UX)Design and end-user training.
• Positive reinforcement involves the use of rewards to reinforce behaviors. Negative
reinforcement involves the removal of aversive stimuli to reinforce the target behavior. The use
1.Negative reinforcement
2.Extinction
3.Punishment
4.Positive Reinforcement
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
A positive reinforcement is a reward for a desired
behavior. The reward should be sufficiently powerful
and durable so that it increases the probability of
occurrence of desirable behavior. Positive reinforcement
results from the application of a positive consequence
following a desirable behavior.
For example
i. Bonuses paid at the end of a successful business year are an
example of positive reinforcement
ii. Employees will work hard for a raise or a promotion
iii.Salesmen will increase their efforts to get rewards and
bonuses
iv. Students will study to get good grades and
v. Children will throw temper tantrums to get candy or ice
creams.
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
1. Social reinforcement
2. Escape
3. Object
4. Sensory reinforcements
• social reinforcement. Social reinforcement can be
classified as attention, physical proximity, physical contact,
and praise. (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2007) This type of
reinforcement can be a very powerful tool for changing or
maintaining a behavior. This type of reinforcement can be
from both adults, as well, as children, even familiar
individuals, as well as, strangers.
• The second principle of reinforcement is escape. Often
referred to as escape from tasks or demands, a person seeks
this form of reinforcement to get out of an event that is
aversive to them.
• The third principle is that of object. Object
reinforcement can be classified as access to preferred
tangible items such as toys, stickers, or personal
materials, as well as, access to edible objects such as
candy, chips, or other preferred foods. This type of
reinforcement is very powerful and can be faded in
order to promote generalization; however, this type of
reinforcement can also cause reinforcement dependency.
• The last principle is that of sensory reinforcement.
This type of reinforcement refers to tactile, vibrations,
flashing lights, smells, and sounds, in order to provide
stimulation of the senses. (Cooper, Heron & Heward,
2007) This can also be a very effective form of
reinforcement especially for children with autism.
• When using the principles of reinforcement one must be
careful to use them appropriately or else one can see the
wrong behavior change. For example, John dislikes his
schoolwork and frequently tantrums when he is told to work.
His father decided to reinforce him with ice cream for
completing his homework. Whenever he tantrums his father
walks away and gives John a five-minute break. Now, John
engages in a tantrum every time his father walks back up to
him and is not accessing any ice cream. The problem with
this scenario is that John is seeking escape as reinforcement.
His father is also allowing him to escape, which is increasing
his frequency.
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