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What Is Technology?
wThe Practical Application of Knowledge especially
in a particular area and a capability given by the
practical application of knowledge´
The Contribution Of Technology
For the Human Race
 What is a Computer?
A computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to list of instructions.
A. Input
B.Processing
C.Output
D.Storage
Flash Drives
 OSB Specification
‡ Communication Between devices and
Host controller(Computer)
‡ Standards Like OSB 1.0 -1.5Mbits/sec,
OSB 2.0-480Mbits/sec,OSB 3.0 -
4.8Gbits/sec
‡ Connects computer peripherals such as
mice,keyboard,digital
cameras,printers,media players,flash
drives and External HD¶s
 Flash Drive
‡ A OSB flash drive consists of a NAND
type flash memory data storage device
integrated with a OSB.
‡ Storage capacity ranges from 64MB to
256 GB.
‡ Supports platforms like Windows,Linux
and Macintosh.
 OSB

‡Pipe and End

points
‡16 each on device
and host controller
‡OSB-A most
common OSB plug
Standards:- OSB 1.1,OSB 2.0

IBM,Kingston,Sandisk,Transcend
Hard Disk Drives
 Hard Disk Drives

‡ Non Volatile Storage device that stores

digitally encoded data on rapidly
rotating platters with magnetic surfaces.
‡ Records information as bits 0 and 1
‡ SATA,PATA and Solid state HD.
Seagate,WD,Hitachi,Samsung and Toshiba
 SATA
‡ Storage interface to connect Host bus
adapters to mass storage devices
‡ Reduced number of wires,provision to
hotswap
‡ SATA versions 1.0-1.5 Gb/s
‡ SATA versions 2.0-3Gb/s
‡ SATA versions 3.0-6Gb/s
 PATA
‡ Interface for connecting Hard disks and
computers
‡ Evolved as versions ATA1-6 with 48 bit
addressing.
‡ Supports speed upto 133 Mb/s.
‡ Osed the master and slave concept to
distinguish Hard disks
 SSD

‡ No Mechanical Parts
‡ Faster Access as there is no spin up
‡ Low power consumption and less heat
File System Formats
File System Formats

‡ FAT(File Allocation Table)

‡ New Technology File System(NTFS)
 FAT
‡ Commonly used format on computers
and most memory cards,such as for
digital cameras.
‡ It Centralizes the area which belongs to
files as clusters
‡ FAT 12,16,32.
 NTFS
‡ New Technology File System is a
standard file system format of Win
NT,2000,XP,Vista,Win 7 etc
‡ Improvements over FAT in
metadata,Improved
performance,reliability,disk space
utilization and file system journaling.
‡ Max vol size of 2^64 -1 clusters
 HFS

‡ Osed After MFS

‡ Binary Tree over flat table structure
‡ The data is arranged in logical blocks of
512 bytes
‡ 16,32 and 64 Bit formats
Video and Audio
Formats
 Audio Formats

‡ Audio file formats are used to store data

of the audio file.
‡ Majorly grouped as
Oncompressed,Lossy and lossless
formats.
 Common Formats
‡ Mp3- MPEG Audio Layer 3
‡ WMA- Windows Media Audio Format
‡ RA- Real Audio
‡ WAV
‡ MP4
 Video Formats

‡ Defines format for videos.

‡ Depends on display resolution, color
and refresh rate.
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Image Formats
 PIXELS
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 Common Image
Formats
‡Lossless compression
‡Lossy Compression
 Common Image
Formats
‡JPEG-Produces small files which supports 8 bits
for color.
‡TIFF- Saves as 8 or 16 bit file formats.
‡PNG- Open source for GIF.
‡RAW file format
Liquid Crystal Display
Liquid Crystal Display
‡Thin flat panel used to display information
‡Display text,images and moving pictures
‡Lightweight,Portable,Ability to provide large
images.
How LCD Works?
LCD Devices
Light Emitting Diode
Light Emitting Diode
‡Electronic light source based on semi conductor
diode.
‡Works on the concept of forward and reverse
bias.
‡Osed as a replacement for incandescent
indicators.
 LED Displays
‡A video display which uses LED¶s.
‡LED Displays are typically used in destination
signs on Public transport vehicles.
‡Stage lighting,general illumination use LED¶s.
RAM
 Random Access
Memory
‡Form of computer storage which allows to access
the data
‡Types of RAM Like SRAM,DRAM,DDR.
 DDR SDRAM
‡Referred to as Double data rate RAM
‡Synchronous Approach
‡Transfers data on the rise and fall of the clock
signal
‡DDR 1 -133,166,200 Mhz(1/ns per cycle)
‡DDR 2 - 200,266,333 or 400
‡DDR 3- 800,1066
PROCESSOR
 Processor

‡The Portion of computer that carries out

instruction of a computer program.

‡Referred to as the brain of the computer.

‡Performs Fetch,Decode,Execute and Writeback
during the operation.
 Processor
Manufacturers
‡AMD
‡INTEL
‡Motorola
‡IBM
Front Side Bus
Cache Memory
Graphic Card
 Graphic Card
‡ A Video card is commonly known by these
names Video card,video adapter,graphics
accelerator card,display adapter or graphics card.
‡Its function is to generate and output images to a
display.
‡It offloads 3D Graphics rendering from the
processor.
‡Mainly used in Mobile Phones,embedded
systems,personal computers,workstations and
game consoles.
 Types

‡Dedicated Graphics Card

‡Integrated Graphics Card
Internet
 Internet
‡A global system of interconnected computer
networks that use standardized Protocols to serve
billions of users worldwide.
‡Contains a wide array of information and
resources through WWW.
‡It supports popular services such as online
chat,file transfer,social networking etc.
 Types Of
Accessibility
‡Wired
‡Wireless
 Wireless
‡Wi-Fi
‡WiMAX
 Wi-Fi
‡An Alliance that warrants interoperability between
different wireless devices
‡The term Wi-Fi Suggests Wireless Fidelity.
‡The Wi-Fi Ranges between 35-95 m.
‡Wireless Access Point connects devices
Wirelessly.
 WiMAX
‡Worldwide Interoperability for microwave access
that provides wireless transmission of data using
various transmission modes
‡Provides upto 10Mbps without the need of wires.
‡Provides a point to multipoint link.