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12 DYNAMICS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
Kinetics of Particles:
Lecture Notes: Newton’s Second Law
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
Kinematics Kinetics
Particle Particle
Rectilinear motion Newton’s 2nd law
Curvilinear motion Work and Energy
Relative motion
Impulse and Momentum
Dependent motion
Contents
Introduction Angular Momentum of a Particle
Newton’s Second Law of Equations of Motion in Radial &
Motion Transverse Components
Linear Momentum of a Particle Conservation of Angular Momentum
Systems of Units Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Equations of Motion Sample Problem 12.7
Dynamic Equilibrium Sample Problem 12.8
Sample Problem 12.1 Trajectory of a Particle Under a
Sample Problem 12.3 Central Force
Sample Problem 12.4 Application to Space Mechanics
Sample Problem 12.5 Sample Problem 12.9
Sample Problem 12.6 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Introduction
• Newton’s first and third laws are sufficient for the study of bodies at
rest (statics) or bodies in motion with no acceleration.
Systems of Units
• Of the units for the four primary dimensions (force,
mass, length, and time), three may be chosen arbitrarily.
The fourth must be compatible with Newton’s 2nd Law.
Equations of Motion
• Newton’s second law provides
F m a
• Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving
vector equation into scalar component equations, e.g.,
for rectangular components,
F x
i Fy j F k
z m ax
i a yj azk
Fx x
maFy y
maFzma
z
Fx
m
x
Fy
m
y
Fzm
z
Dynamic Equilibrium
• Alternate expression of Newton’s second law,
F m a 0
m a inertial ector v
• With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system
of forces acting on the particle is equivalent to
zero. The particle is in dynamic equilibrium.
• Methods developed for particles in static
equilibrium may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces
may be represented with a closed vector polygon.
• Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as
they measure the resistance that particles offer to
changes in motion, i.e., changes in speed or
direction.
• Inertial forces may be conceptually useful but are
not like the contact and gravitational forces found
in statics.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 9
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Ninth
Fx m A a A :
T1 100 kg a A
Fy mB a B :
m
B
gT2m
Ba
B
300 9
kg .
81m s
2
T2 300
a
kgB
T 22940N 300
- kga
B
Fy mC aC 0 :
T2 2T1 0
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 13
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Ninth
y T1 100 kg a A
T
2 N 300
2940
- a
kgB
300
2940
N
- 1
kga
2A
T
22
T
10
150
a
2940
N
kg
A100
2 a
kg
A
0
a A 8.40 m s 2
a B 12 a A 4.20 m s 2
T1 100 kg a A 840 N
T2 2T1 1680 N
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 14
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Ninth
x
Fx mB a x mB a A cos 30 a B A :
W Bsin 30 W B g a
A cos 30 a
B
A
a
B
Aa
A
cos
30
g
sin
30
Fy mB a y mB a A sin 30 :
N1 WB cos 30 WB g a A sin 30
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 16
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Ninth
1
N WBcos
30 W
Bg aAsin
30
W
2 Ag aAW
Bcos
30 W
Bg aAsin
30
gW
Bcos
30
aA
2WAWBsin
30
aA
.2fts212
32 cos
lb 30
30
2 12
lb sin
lb
30
a A 5.07 ft s 2
a
B
Aa
A
cos
30
g
sin
30
a
B
A5
.
07 2
ft
s
cos
30
32
.
2 2
ft
s
sin
30
aB A 20.5 ft s 2
Fn man : 2
.
5
mg
mg
cos
30ma
n
a
n2
g.
5
cos
30
an 16.03 m s 2
• Solve for velocity in terms of normal acceleration.
2
v
2
a
n
v
a
n 2
m 16
.
03
ms
v 5.66 m s
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 19
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Ninth
v 64.7 ft s 44.1 mi h
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 21
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Ninth
Fr
ma
r
m r
r
2
F
mar
m
2
r
HO mr2
rF
d
dt
mr2
m r2 2rr
F m r 2r
or H
O
2
mr constant
H angular
mome
O2
r
h
m unit
mass
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 24
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Ninth
dA 12 r 2 d
• Define dA
1
r
d
21
2
r
areal velocity
2 dt
dt 2
Fr mr: 0
a m r
r 2 vr2 02 r 2 r02
Fm a
: Fm r
2
r
• Substitute known information into the
transverse equation to find an expression
for the force on the block.
F 2m 02 r 2
r0
2 12
2
1GMC h
2
1
cosecc
ty
rh GM
1
cos 1 0 1
1
cos
1
cos
1
G
C
2
h
• parabola, e = 1 or C = GM/h2. The radius vector
becomes infinite for
1 cos 2 0 2 180
2GM
v
v
esc0
r
0
where a1 r r
2 0 1
b r0r1
GM gR 2 9.81m s 2 6.37 106 m 2
398 1012 m3 s 2
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 37
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Edition
Ninth