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Light
ray
Single-mode step-index Fiber

Multimode step-index Fiber

Multimode graded-index Fiber

 !   
  

! 
2dvantages:
Ñ Minimum dispersion: all rays take same path, same time to
travel down the cable. 2 pulse can be reproduced at the
receiver very accurately.
Ñ Less attenuation, can run over longer distance without
repeaters.
Ñ Larger bandwidth and higher information rate
Disadvantages:
Ñ Difficult to couple light in and out of the tiny core
Ñ Highly directive light source (laser) is required.
Ñ Interfacing modules are more expensive
!   !
  

Ñ |nly one propagation mode is allowed in a given wavelength.

Ñ This is achieved by very small core diameter (8-10 µm)
Ñ SMF offers highest bit rate, most widely used in telecom
 

Ñ Multimode step-index Fibers:
± inexpensive; easy to couple light into Fiber
± result in higher signal distortion; lower TX rate
± Used in short links, mostly with LED sources
Ñ Multimode graded-index Fiber:
± intermediate between the other two types of Fibers
± The rays that travel longer distance also
± travel faster
 u  
 
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uDM sends information through a single optical Fiber using lights
of different wavelengths simultaneously.

R1 Multiplexer Demultiplexer R1
R2 R2
R3 R3

Rn-1 |ptical Rn-1

Rn amplifier Rn
Laser Laser
|ptical sources |ptical detectors
 Ô 



Material absorption, which occurs at wavelengths greater than
1.1 um due to absorption peaks in the far infra-red. These
are due to resonances of the glass molecules and other
impurities.
Scattering, which is due to imperfections such as strains and
bubbles in the core and core cladding interface
irregularities. Rayleigh Scattering which is due to small
scale residual inhomogeneities in the fiber, determines the
theoretical minimum loss. Rayleigh Scattering decreases
with increasing wavelength.
Jointing losses due to misalignment and variations in fiber
geometry.
The loss in single mode fiber is generally lower than that in
multimode fiber because the lower level of doping in the
core results in reduced scattering loss. The single mode
curve also shows the attenuation peak due to higher order
mode propagation and the resultant cutoff wavelength
lambda of the fiber.




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Ñ X |ptical Receiver converts the optical signal
Ñ into appropriate electrical format (E/|)
Ñ ± PIN Photo Diode: Low performance, no
Ñ internal gain, low cost, widely used
Ñ ± 2valanche Photo Diode (2PD): High
Ñ performance with internal (avalanche) gain
Ñ X Repeater: receives weak light signal, cleans-
Ñ up, amplifies and retransmits (|/E/|)
Ñ X |ptical 2mplifier: 2mplifies light in fiber
Ñ without |/E/|