CONTENTS:

Stresses in Rocks
 Introduction
 Component of Stress Produced
 Types of stresses
 Response to stress
 Rock Nature Vs Stress-strain Curve
Mechanics & Shear in Rocks
 Introduction
 Compressive Strength
 Tensile Strength
 Shear Strength
 Failure Criteria for Rocks

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 Graphical Presentation of Geological Data
 Introduction
 Classification
 Geological features representation
 Preparation
 Uses
References

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 Stresses in Rocks
Introduction
 Stress is the force applied to an object.
 In geology, stress is the internal resistance of rock offered against
loading or deformation. Simply, stress is the force per unit area that
is placed on a rock.
 When stress causes a material to change shape, it has
undergone strain or deformation. Deformed rocks are common in
geologically active areas.
 The unit of stress is N/mm2 or Mpa.

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 Component of Stress Produced:-
 The primary stress state in the earth’s crust (rock) is predominantly
produced by the following components:
Tectonic forces (plate tectonics)
Gravitational forces
Topography
Residual stresses (e.g. over consolidation)
Thermal stresses
Swelling pressures
Water pressures

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 Types of Stress
Four types of stresses act on rock. They are:-
Types of Stress

Litostatic Stress Differential Stress

Compressional stress
(Squeezing)
Tensional Stress
(Stretching)
Shear Stress
(side to side shear)

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 1.Lithostatic Stress
 Rock beneath the earth’s surface experiences equal pressure exerted on it from
all directions because of the weight of the overlying rock.
 It is also called Confining Stress.

2. Compressive Stress
 Compression squeezes rocks together, causing rocks to fold or fracture(break).
 Compression is the most common stress at convergent plate boundaries.

3. Tensile Stress
 Rocks that are pulled apart are under tension. Rocks under tension lengthen or
break apart.
 Tension is the major type of stress at divergent plate boundaries.

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 4. Shear Stress
When forces are parallel but moving in opposite directions, the stress
is called shear.
Shear stress causes two planes of material to slide past each other.

Fig. Defining Stress nature Source:-Google

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 Fig a. Stress cause the rock to Fig b. Shearing in Rock
fracture.
White quartz vein has
been elongated by shear.
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 Response to Stress
What a rock does in response to stress depends on many factors:-
 the rock type;
 the conditions the rock is under, primarily the surrounding temperature and
pressure;
the length of time the rock is under stress;
the type of stress.
At the Earth's surface, rocks usually break quite quickly once stress is applied. But
deeper in the crust, where temperatures and pressures are higher, rocks are more
likely to deform plastically.
Rocks have three possible responses to increasing stress. They are:-
1. elastic deformation: the rock returns to its original shape when the stress is
removed.
2. plastic deformation: the rock does not return to its original shape when the stress
is removed.
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3. fracture: the rock breaks.
 If the amount of stress on a rock is greater than the
rock's internal strength, the rock bends elastically.
This type of change is called elastic because when the
stress is eliminated, the rock goes back to its original
shape like a squeezed rubber ball.

If more stress is applied to the rock, it will

eventually bend plastically. In this instance, the rock
bends, but does not return to its original shape when
the stress is removed.

If the stress continues, the rock will fracture; that is,

it breaks. When a material changes shape, it has Source:-
Google
undergone deformation.

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 Rock Nature Vs Stress-strain Curve
We can divide materials into two classes that depend on their relative
behavior under stress.

 Brittle materials have a small or large region of elastic behavior but only
a small region of ductile behavior before they fracture. Some minerals,
like quartz, olivine, and feldspars are very brittle.

 Ductile materials have a small region of elastic behavior and a large

region of ductile behavior before they fracture. Clay minerals, micas, and
calcite etc are more ductile.

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 Fig. Showing stress-strain curve for brittle and ductile
material
Here, T=Temperature; P= pressure
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 Mechanics and Shear in Rocks
For the purpose of design and to evaluate the stability of underground
structure, mechanical properties of the rock must be known.

The mechanical properties are tensile strength, compressive strength,

shear strength ,creep or time properties and strain or deformation
properties , hardness, abrasivity, etc

Hardness test
13 Abrasivity test
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 Compressive Strength
The compressive strength is probably the most widely used rock engineering
parameter.
 Under uniaxial load conditions the maximum stress that the rock sample can
sustain referred as uniaxial compressive strength ( σc) .

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 Compressive Strength
The most useful description of the mechanical behavior of intact rock is the
complete stress – strain curve of the compressive strength test. From this curve
can be determined the Young modulus From this curve can be determined the
Young modulus and the post-peak behavior of the rock material

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 TENSILE STRENGTH TESTS
The tensile strength is normally measured by indirect The tensile strength is
normally measured by indirect tests, in which the tensile stress is generated by
compressive loading compressive loading.
• Brazilian test (splitting test)
• Beam test (bending test)

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 Shear Strength of Rock
The compressive strength of rock is the function of confining pressure.
As confining pressure strength increase so does the strength .
In rock strength tests, confining pressure means the equal lateral pressure pc.
In a broad sense, confining pressure can be a lateral pressure and it may be
different in each direction.
When a rock surface is completely free, we may say that the confining pressure
on the surface is zero.

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 Shear Strength from Triaxial test
From series of tri axial compression test, peak stress are obtained at
various lateral pressure. By plotting Mohrs circle shear envelops are defined
through which cohesion and internal angle of friction are obtained.

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 Failure criteria for rocks
 Mohr-coulomb criterion
 Hoek and Brown criterion
 Empirical Rock failure criterion
 Griffith failure criterion
 Bieniawski-Yudhbir criterion
 Ramamurthy’s criterion

The simplest and best known method is Mohr-coulomb criterion due to the
linear relationship between peak pressure and confining pressure. Mohr-
coulomb criterion is 2 parametric criterian . It considers major and minor
principle stress only . It assumes shear failure plane is developed in rock.

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 Mohr-coulomb criterion

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 Effect of water pressure and principle stress ratio
Strength of some rocks get deteriorated in presence of water and reduction of
strength may be upto 15% due to saturation of some friable sandstone.
In case of some rocks like clay shale, it loses strength completely. The pore
water and the water present in cracks and fissures play a crucial role and
exerts pressure while loading if drainage is blocked.

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 Byerlee’s Law
Byerlee’s law also known as Byerlee’s friction law concerns the shear sterss required
to slide one rock over another.

Byerlee's Law gives the frictional properties of samples with pre-cut fault surfaces.
At normal stress below about 300 MPa, resistance to shearing is given by
τ = 0.85σn
Above about 300 MPa, resistance to shearing is given by
τ = 0.6σn + 50MPa

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 Graphical Presentation of Geological Data
Introduction
 Geological Data means all seismic data, logs, surface or subsurface
survey data, geophysical data, engineering records, geochemical data,
fossils, etc.

 Graphic presentation represents techniques for interpreting, and

analyzing numerical facts by means of points, lines, areas, and other
geometric forms and symbols.

 The Graphical representation of specific geographic data obtained

from field (after site investigation) which can be quantified, with respect
to north at certain scale is known as Engineering Geological Map.
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 Engineering Geological Map includes ;
Lithology (distribution of rock types)
Soil types (alluval, colluvial, residual etc)
Geomorphology (river, stream, slope aspect, inclination, etc)

Simply, an engineering geological map is a geological map which provides

representation components of a geological environment of significance in land-use
planning, and in design, construction and maintenance.

 The graphical presentation that are compiled using surface data are surface maps.

The sub-surface graphical presentations are compiled from the borings, well logs,
geophysical surveys, etc.
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 Classifications:
Graphical presentation of geological data may be classified according to;
purpose, content and scale.
 According to Purpose
 Special Purpose:
-provide information on one specific aspect of engineering geology
 Multi Purpose:
-provide information covering many aspects of engineering geology
 According to Content
 Analytical map:
-provide details about the individual components of the area
-E.g.; map of weathering grades, seismic hazard map, etc.

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 Auxiliary maps:
-includes factual data.
-E.g.; documentation maps, structural contour maps, etc.
Complementary maps:
-include geological, tectonic, geomorphological, pedological,
geophysical and hydrogeological maps.

 According to Scale:
 Large-Scale: 1:10000 and greater
 Medium-Scale: less than 1:10000 and greater than 1:100000
 Small-Scale: 1:100000 and less.

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 Geological features represented on Engineering geological maps:
 The character of the rocks and soils, including their distribution, structural
arrangement, lithology, physical state, and their physical and mechanical properties.

 Hydro-geological conditions, including the distribution of water-bearing soil and

rocks, depth to water table and its range of fluctuation, direction of flow, springs,
river, occurrence interval of flooding, etc.

 Geomorphological conditions, including surface topography and important elements

of landscape.

 Geodynamic phenomena, including erosion & deposition, slope movements, volume

changes in soil, data on sesmic phenomena, volcanic activity, etc.

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 Requirements that should be fulfilled by graphical
presentation:

 Should portray the objective information necessary to evaluate the engineering

geological features involved in regional planning, selection of site & suitable
method of construction.

 Should present information in such a way that it is easily understood by

professional users who may not be geologists.

 Should make it possible to forsee the changes in geological situation likely to

be bought.

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 Preparation of graphical presentation:
 All the geological features present in the area must be shown.

 Rocks units or geologic strata are shown by appropriate color.

 Bedding planes and structural features (folds, faults, foliations) are shown with
the strike and dip and plunge symbols.

 Stratiographic contour lines can be used to illustrate the surface of a selected

stratum illustrating the sub surface topographic trends of the strata.

 Orientations of plane are often measured as a strike and dip while of lines are
shown as trend and plunge.

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 Uses of Graphical Presentation:

 Provides the information about rock mass and soil type available in a
particular area which can be used for site selection.

 Helps to find the possible and probable reserve and estimate the reserve
capacity.

 Helps to analyze and find the slope stability strength of the rock mass, soil
etc.

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 References
Dr. B.C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain & Arun Kumar Jain (2005). Soil
Mechanics and Foundations, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Shashi K Gulati & Manoj Datta (2005). Geotechnical Engineering, McGraw
Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
https://www.ioebooster.com/include/view-course.php?id=5cd02172955ee%20&
&%20chapter=Introduction%20to%20Engineering%20Geology
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Stress_in_the_Earth
%27s_Crust
https://www.ck12.org/earth-science/Geological-Stresses/lesson/Geological-Stre
sses-HS-ES/
https://www.slideshare.net/MRINALJYOTIADHYAPOK/stress-68255928?qid
=bc51601e-01e5-410c-bada-d3474512f5ee&v=&b=&from_search=1

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 Thank You.

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