Stress Distribution Analysis by Boussinesq Equation and Westergaard's Analysis

14.
531 ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS

Soil Stresses
VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN

SOIL
TYPES
Point Loads (P) OF Line
LOADING
Loads (q/unit length)
Figure 6.11. Das FGE (2005). Figure 6.12. Das FGE (2005).
Examples: Examples:
- Posts - Railroad track
Revised 09/2014
14.531 ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS
Soil Stresses

SOIL
TYPES
Strip Loads (q) OF LOADING
Area Loads (q)
Examples: Examples:
- Exterior Wall Foundations - Column Footings
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
ANALYSIS
Based METHODS:
on homogeneous, BOUSSINESQ
weightless, elastic, isotropic infinitely
large half-space free of initial stress and deformation. The
(1993)
modulus of elasticity is assumed constant and the principle of
linear superposition is assumed valid (EM1110-1-1904, 1990). Not
accurate for layered soil stratigraphy with substantial thickness
(NAVFAC DM7.01, 1986).
Rigid Surface Layer Over Weaker Underlying Layer: If the surface layer is
the more rigid, it acts as a distributing mat and the vertical stresses in the
underlying soil layer are less than Boussinesq values.
Weaker Surface Layer Over Stronger Underlying Layers: If the surface
layer is less rigid than the underlying layer, then vertical stresses in both layers
exceed the Boussinesq values.
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
Based on the assumption that the soil on which load is applied is reinforced
ANALYSIS
by closely spaced METHODS:
horizontal layers which prevent horizontal displacement.
The effect of the Westergaard assumption is to reduce the stresses
substantially belowWESTERGAARD
those obtained by the Boussinesq equations.

SOIL
An approximate stress distribution assumes that the total applied load on
ANALYSIS
the surface METHODS:
of the soil is distributed 2V:1H
over an area of the same shape as the
loaded area on the surface, but with dimensions that increase by an
amount equal to the depth below METHOD
the surface.
Vertical stresses calculated 2V:1H method agree reasonably well with
the Boussinesq method for depths between B and 4B below the
foundation.
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses
VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

SOIL
POINT LOADING (BOUSSINESQ
3P z 1883)
3P z 3 3
 z  
2 L5 2 ( r 2  z 2 )5 / 2
P  3 1  P
 z  2  5/ 2 
 2 I1
z  
 2  r / z   1  z
2
Where:
Dsz = Change in Vertical Stress
P = Point Load
Stresses in an Elastic Medium Caused by Point Loading
3 1
Figure 6.11. Das FGE (2005). I1 =
2p é r / z 2 +1ù5/2
*Based on homogeneous, elastic, isotropic infinitely large half-space ë( ) û
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
POINT LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)
Table 6.1 Variation of I (Das, FGE 2006).
1
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
3
2
LINE LOADING (BOUSSINESQ qz 1883)
  2 2 2
 (x  z )
or
 2
Dimensionless  2
Form (q / z)  x 
2 
    1
 z  
Where:
Ds = Change in Vertical Stress
Line Load over the Surface of
a Semi-infinite Soil Mass q = Load per Unit Length
Figure 6.12. Das FGE (2005). z = Depth
*Based on flexible line load of infinite length on a
homogeneous, elastic, isotropic semi-infinite half-space x = Distance from Line Load
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
Table 6.3 Variation of Ds/(q/z) with x/z (Das, FGE 2006).
LINE LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
STRIP LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)
q
     sin  cos(  2 )

Where:
q = Load per Unit Area
z = Depth
x = Distance from Line Load
Flexible Strip Load over the Surface of

Angles measured in counter-
a Semi-infinite Soil Mass clockwise direction are taken
Figure 6.13. Das FGE (2005). as positive
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
STRIP
Table 6.4 VariationLOADING (BOUSSINESQ
of Ds/q with 2z/B and 2x/B (Das, FGE 2006). 1883)
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
CIRCULAR
ì LOADING
ü (BOUSSINESQ
ï ï
1 1883)
D s =qí1- ý 3/2
ï éë(R / z) +1ùû ï
2
î þ
Where:
z = Depth
R = Radius
Vertical Stress Below Center of Uniformly Loaded
Flexible Circular Area
Figure 6.15. Das FGE (2005).
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
TableCIRCULAR LOADING
6.5 Variation of Ds/q with (BOUSSINESQ
z/R (Das, FGE 2006).
1883)
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL B L 3
RECTANGULAR LOADING
   d   (BOUSSINESQ
3qz ( dxdy)
 2 ( x  y  z )  qI 2 2 2 5/ 2 2
1883)Where:
y 0 x 0

z = Depth
 2mn m 2  n 2  1  m 2  n 2  2 
 2  
2 2 2  2 2 
1  m  n  m n  1  m  n  1 
I2   
4   2mn m 2  n 2  1  
1  
  tan  2 2 2 2  
 m  n  m n  1 
 
B L
Vertical Stress Below Corner of Uniformly
Loaded Flexible Rectangular Area
m  ;n 
Revised 09/2014 Figure 6.16. Das FGE (2005).
z z
Soil Stresses
VERTICAL STRESS
INCREASE (DsZ) IN
SOIL
RECTANGULAR
LOADING
(BOUSSINESQ 1883)
Variation of I2 with m and n.
Figure 6.17. Das FGE (2005).
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses
VERTICAL
STRESS
INCREASE (DsZ)
IN SOIL
RECTANGULAR
LOADING
(WESTERGAAR
D) DM7.01.
Figure 12. NAVFAC
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
RECTANGULAR
Within a LOADED AREA
Rectangular Loaded Area:
D s =qé
ëI 2(1) + I 2(2) + I 2(3) + I 2(4) ù
û
Under Center of Footing:

Ds c =qI c
I c = f (m1, n1 )
L z
m1 = ;n1 =
Figure 6.18. Das FGE (2005). B B
2
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
CENTER OF RECTANGULAR LOADED
Table 6.6 Variation of I with m and n (Das, FGE 2006).
c 1 1
AREA
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses
BOUSSINESQ SOLUTIONS
SUMMARY
(EM 1110-1-1904 TABLE C-1)
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses
SUMMARY
(EM 1110-1-1904 TABLE C-1)
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses
SUMMARY
(EM 1110-1-1904 TABLE C-1)
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses
STRIP SQUARE
BOUSSINESQ
FOOTING FOOTING
GRAPHICAL
SOLUTION
(EM 1110-1-1904
FIGURE 1-2)
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses
WESTERGAAR
D GRAPHICAL
SOLUTION
(NAVFAC DM7.01 FIGURE
11)
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses
WESTERGAAR
D GRAPHICAL
SOLUTION
(NAVFAC DM7.01 FIGURE
11)
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses
NEWMARK INFLUENCE CHARTS

(BASED ON BOUSSINESQ SOLUTIONS)
STEPS
1. Draw the footing shape to a scale
using Length AB = Depth z.
2. The point under which we look for
Δσv’, is placed at the center of the
chart.
3. Count the units and partial units
covered by the foundation (m).
4. Δσv’=Δp=(qo)(m)(I)
I = Influence Factor
Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
ANALYSIS METHODS: 2V:1H Q
METHOD  z 
( B  z )( L  z )
Where:
Dsz = Change in Total
Vertical Stress
Q = Applied Foundation
Load
B = Foundation Width
L = Foundation Length
Figure C-1. USACE EM1110-1-1904.

Revised 09/2014
Soil Stresses

SOIL
FOR
I =
RECTANGULAR AREA
N
m=
n=
Figure C-1. USACE EM1110-1-1904.

Revised 09/2014

Stress Distribution Analysis by Boussinesq Equation and Westergaard's Analysis

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14.

531 ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

Flexible Strip Load over the Surface of

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

Ds = Change in Vertical Stress

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

Under Center of Footing:

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN

NEWMARK INFLUENCE CHARTS

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN

Figure C-1. USACE EM1110-1-1904.

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN

Figure C-1. USACE EM1110-1-1904.

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