PROJECT PRESENTATION

ON
Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using Energy detection technique

-P.PANEENDRA BABU
-T.SAI CHARAN
-A.SAINATH
COGNITIVE RADIO
OVERVIEW OF PROJECT:
• WHAT IS COGNITIVE RADIO?
• WHY COGNITIVE RADIO?
• TYPES OF COGNITIVE RADIO
• COGNITIVE CYCLE
• 4 MAIN FUNCTIONS
• ONE OF THE FUNCTIONS:SPECTRUM SENSING
• SPECTRUM SENSING TECHNIQUES:
• ONE OF THE SPECTRUM SENSING TECHNIQUES: TRANSMITTER DETECTOR:
• ENERGY DETECTOR TECHNIQUE:
• MATLAB PROGRAM
• APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES
WHAT IS COGNITIVE RADIO?
Cognitive radio is an intelligent wireless
communication system that can sense the changing environmental
conditions and can change their parameter like frequency, modulation
techniques, coding techniques, power etc.
WHY COGNITIVE RADIO?
• Recent measurements by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have
shown that 70% of the allocated spectrum in US is not utilized.
• Based on fixed spectrum allocation methodology, in many countries, most
of the available radio spectrum has been assigned for various services
• The reasons for the under utilization of the spectrum are
WHY COGNITIVE RADIO?
• This motivates the concept of spectrum reuse that allows secondary
users/network to utilize the radio spectrum licensed/allocated to the
primary users/network when the spectrum is temporally not being utilized.
• The core technology behind spectrum reuse is Cognitive Radio
• Spectrum holes are detected and used.
Types of Cognitive Radio:
• BASED ON TYPE OF APPROACHES:
Full cognitive radio (“Mitola Radio”):Every possible parameter taken
into account.
Spectrum sensing cognitive radio: Only radio frequency spectrum
Considered.
• BASED ON FREQUENCY SPECTRUM:
LICENSED BAND COGNITIVE RADIO
UNLICENSED BAND COGNITIVE RADIO
COGNITIVE CYCLE:
4 main steps:
• SPECTRUM SENSING : To detect the unused spectrum and sharing it
without harmful interference with other users.
• SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT : The task of capturing the best available
spectrum to meet user communication requirements.
• SPECTRUM MOBILITY : As the process where the cognitive user
exchanges its frequency of operation.
• SPECTRUM SHARING : To providing a fair spectrum scheduling
method among the users.
 SPECTRUM SENSING
The process of determining the free
(unused) spectrum of the primary user without making any
interference and disturbing the rights of licensed user is called as
spectrum sensing
• It refers to detect the unused spectrum holes.
• POTENTIALLY UNUSED BANDS.
• Detecting primary users is the most efficient way to detect spectrum holes.
SPECTRUM HOLES
 SPECTRUM SENSING
TECHNIQUES
Transmitter detector technique
It has been seen that each transmitter detection technique has
a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) threshold, below which these techniques
fail to work robustly

• MATCHED FILTER DETECTION

• ENERGY DETECTION
• CYCLOSTATIONARY DETECTION
GENERAL MODEL:

Two probabilities are of interest for spectrum sensing: probability of detection, which
defines, under hypothesis H1, the probability of the algorithm correctly detecting the presence of primary signal; and
probability of false alarm, which defines, under hypothesis H0, the probability of the algorithm falsely declaring the
presence of primary signal.
y(n) = s(n) + u(n)----------H1
y(n) = u(n)-----------------H0
ENERGY DETECTION TECHNIQUE:
• The energy detector cannot differentiate signal types but can
only determine the presence of the signal. Thus, the
energy detector is prone to false detection triggered by unintended
signals.
• When the receiver cannot gather sufficient information about the PU
signal, for instance, if the power of the random Gaussian noise is only
known at the receiver, the optimal detector is the energy detector.
• Intuitively, if the signal is present, the energy of the received data
increases
FLOW CHART FOR PROGRAM:
Receiver operating characteristics:

As expected, as Y’ increases, Pfa and Pd

decrease; the inverse is also true. This type of performance description
is called the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)
SNR=-10DB
SNR=-20DB

END OF ENERGY DETECTION TECHNIQUE

ADVANTAGES:
• Increases Spectrum efficiency.

• Unused Spectrum used for new business proposition.

• Increases data rate by using good channels and rejecting bad ones.
APPLICATIONS:
• Cellular technology.

• Military application.

• Proper use of unused Spectrum.

• Proposed 5G technology.

• EMERGENCY NETWORK.(WHEN WEATHER CONDITIONS ARE NOT GOOD)