AV-222

ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Lecture No 3

“TRANSFORMERS”

Instructor: Sqn Ldr Ahnaf Lodhi

Class: 84 E.C.
Book: Electric Machinery Fundamentals 5th ed
Chapter : 2

Avionics Engineering Department

Transformers of another dimension
Transformers: Current Dimension
• Device used to convert voltage levels of ac power through
the action of a magnetic field
• Frequency remains constant
• No effect on total power in ideal scenario
• Consists of two or more coils wrapped around a
ferromagnetic core
• Connection between coils
• Common magnetic flux
• Types of windings
• Primary/Input
• Connected to the source of electrical power
• Secondary/Output
• Connected to the load
• Tertiary windings
• Intermediate stage/s
Transformers
• Importance
• Low voltage transmission accompanied by high currents in earlier times
• Large power losses
• Equal to square of current in the transmission line in general
• Limited region of service for power stations
• Ability of transformers
• Convert power into higher voltage levels with smaller currents significantly
reducing the power losses
• Modern power generation systems
• Generated levels around 2 to 25kV
• Stepped up to 110kV to 1000kV for transmission
• Stepped down to 12-34.5kV for local distribution
• Stepped down to local levels i.e. 220V for normal safe use
• Other uses
• Voltage sampling
• Current sampling
• Impedance transformation
Types of Transformers
• Two types of cores for power transformers
• Core form
• Shell form
• Either case core constructed from thin laminations electrically
isolated from each other to minimize eddy currents
Transformers Construction
• Primary and secondary windings wound on top of each
other
• Low voltage windings to be inner most
• Purpose
• Simplifies insulation of high voltage windings
from the core
• Results in less leakage flux than for a core
separated by a distance
• Functional classification
• Unit transformer
• Connected to generator to step voltage up to +110KV
• Substation Transformer
• Step down levels of unit transformer to distribution level (2-35kV)
• Distribution Transformer
• Steps voltage down from distribution levels to normal use
Power Distribution System
Types of Transformers
• Special purpose transformers
• Potential transformers
• Sample a high voltage and produce a low voltage directly
proportional to it
• Designed to handle small amounts of current
• Current Transformer
• Provide a secondary current much smaller but directly
proportional to primary current
Ideal Transformer
• Lossless
  device
• NP primary windings turns
• NS secondary windings turns

• Relationship between primary and secondary current

• Summarizing

• Phase angle of VP and VS and IP and IS are same

Ideal Transformer
Ideal Transformer
• Dot Convention
• VP positive at the dotted end w.r.t undotted end, VS to be
positive at dotted end
• IP flowing into the dotted end of primary windings, IS to flow out
of the dotted end at the secondary windings
Ideal Transformer
•  Power

• For an ideal transformer

• (Same power factor for primary and secondary windings)
QUIZ
Ideal Transformer
• 
• Same for reactive power and apparent power
• Impedance Transformation
• Changing voltage and current also changes apparent impedance

• Possibility to match a load impedance to a source impedance by

picking proper turns ratio
Example
• Ex 2.1
• Find line current, load voltage, line losses for both circuits
Example
Example
• Ex 2.1
• Find line current, load voltage, line losses for both circuits
Example
• For circuit 2
Example
Example
Thank You