SQC (Statistical Quality

Control)
It refers to statistical techniques which are
employed for the control and maintenance
of the uniform quality of the product
manufactured in process through
continuous flow of production.
 SQC (Cond..)

It also defined as an economic and effective

system of maintaining and improving the
quality of outputs throughout the whole
operating process of specification,
production and inspection based on
continuous testing of random variables.
Classification of Quality Control

QC covers all the factors of production. They

may be broadly classified in the following
ways.
Quality of Materials
Quality of Manpower
Quality of Machines
Quality of Management
 Advantages of SQC
• It assures the customer.
• Variations from the quality standards are rectified.
• It protects producer against losses.
• It reduces inspection process.
• It helps to create goodwill for the products.
• it guides to setting up future standards
• It reduces the waste of time and material
• The employees are directed towards maintain
quality of the Product.
 Types of Quality Control
The quality of a product manufactured in a
factory may be controlled by the following
two ways.
1. Process Control
2. Product Control
 Process Control
• The main objective in any production process
is to control and maintain a satisfactory quality
level of the manufactured product so that it
conforms to specified quality standards.
• The process control ensures that the goods
produced under quality standards.
• The control charts are used under process
control.
 Product Control
• By using product control the quality of the
product by critical examination at strategic points
and it is achieved through “Sampling inspection
plans”
 Techniques of SQC
Techniques of SQC

Process Control Product Control

Variables Variables
Attributes Attributes

Chart σ Chart
C Chart p Chart

R Chart
np Chart
 SQC charts for Inventory
Control
The control charts are used in manufacturing
entities to control inventory. There are three
control lines.
First we aware about
CL – Center Line
UCL– Upper Control Limit
LCL – Lower Control Limit
 Control Charts
Control Charts show sample data plotted on a graph with Center
Line (CL), Upper Control Limit (UCL), and Lower Control Limit
(LCL).
 Types of Control Charts

Control chart for variables are used to monitor

characteristics that can be measured, e.g. length,
weight, diameter, time, etc.
( ) Mean charts (the Average quality of the products in the
Process)
(R) Range charts (it Controls the quality of dispersion or
variability of the products in the Process)
(σ) or (S) Standard Deviation charts (It also used to
Control the quality of dispersion or variability of the products in the
Process)
 Types of Control Charts

Control charts for attributes are used

to monitor characteristics that have
discrete values and can be counted,
e.g. % defective, number of defects in
a Product, Number of broken eggs in a
box, etc.
 P- Charts (Fraction of defectives per sample)
 np Charts (Number of defectives in each
sample)
 C-Charts (Number of defects per Unit)
 Mean ( ) charts
It is used for controlling average quality of
the products in the process.

Note: 3 σ some times refers to as Z σ

 Range (R) charts:

It is used for controlling the quality dispersion or

variability of the product in a process.

Note: 3 σ some times refers to as Z σ

(σ) or (s) Standard Deviation charts
• This chart also used in control of the quality of dispersion
or variability of the product in the process.
• Standard deviation is considered to be the better
measure of dispersion or variability than range.
 Example
Constructing a X-bar ( ) Chart:
A quality control inspector at the Coco Fizz soft drink company has
taken three samples with four observations each of the volume of
bottles filled. If the standard deviation of the bottling operation is
0.2 ounces, use the data below to develop control charts with limits
of 3 standard deviations for the 12 observations bottling operation.

Time 1 Time 2 Time 3

Observation 1 15.8 16.1 16.0

Observation 2 16.0 16.0 15.9

Observation 3 15.8 15.8 15.9

Observation 4 15.9 15.9 15.8

 Step 1:
Calculate the Mean of Each Sample

N / Z Time 1 Time 2 Time 3

Observation 1 15.8 16.1 16.0

Observation 2 16.0 16.0 15.9

Observation 3 15.8 15.8 15.9

Observation 4 15.9 15.9 15.8

Sample means 15.875 15.975 15.9

(X-bar)
 Step 2:
Calculate the Standard Deviation of
the Sample Mean

σ  .2 
σx      .1
n  4
 Step 3:
Calculate CL, UCL, LCL

 Center line (x-double bar):

15.875  15.975  15.9
x   15.92
3
 Control limits for ±3σ limits (z = 3):

UCLx  x  zσ x  15.92  3 .1  16.22

LCLx  x  zσ x  15.92  3 .1  15.62
 Step 4:
Draw the Chart
 An Alternative Method for the X-bar
Chart Using R-bar and the A2 Factor

Factor for x-Chart Factors for R-Chart

Sample Size
(n) A2 D3 D4
This method Used when 2 1.88 0.00 3.27
sigma for the process 3 1.02 0.00 2.57
4 0.73 0.00 2.28
distribution is not
5 0.58 0.00 2.11
known. Use factor A2 6 0.48 0.00 2.00
from Table shown. 7 0.42 0.08 1.92
8 0.37 0.14 1.86
9 0.34 0.18 1.82
10 0.31 0.22 1.78
11 0.29 0.26 1.74
12 0.27 0.28 1.72
13 0.25 0.31 1.69
14 0.24 0.33 1.67
15 0.22 0.35 1.65
 Step 1:
Calculate the Range of Each Sample
and Average Range

Time 1 Time 2 Time 3

Observation 1 15.8 16.1 16.0
Observation 2 16.0 16.0 15.9
Observation 3 15.8 15.8 15.9
Observation 4 15.9 15.9 15.8
Sample ranges 0.2 0.3 0.2
(R)

0.2  0.3  0.2

R   .233
3
 Step 2:
Calculate CL, UCL, LCL

 Center line:

15.875  15.975  15.9

CL  x   15.92
3
 Control limits for ±3σ limits:

UCLx  x  A2 R  15.92   0.73 .233  16.09

LCLx  x  A2 R  15.92   0.73 .233  15.75
 Control Chart for Range (R-Chart)

Factor for x-Chart Factors for R-Chart

Sample Size
Center Line and Control Limit (n)
A2 D3 D4
calculations: 2 1.88 0.00 3.27
3 1.02 0.00 2.57
4 0.73 0.00 2.28
0.2  0.3  0.2 5 0.58 0.00 2.11
CL  R   .233
3 6 0.48 0.00 2.00
7 0.42 0.08 1.92
8 0.37 0.14 1.86
UCL  D4R  2.28(.233)  .53 9 0.34 0.18 1.82
10 0.31 0.22 1.78
LCL  D3R  0.0(.233)  0.0 11 0.29 0.26 1.74
12 0.27 0.28 1.72
13 0.25 0.31 1.69
14 0.24 0.33 1.67
15 0.22 0.35 1.65
R-Bar Control Chart
 Interpretation:
• Hence, Mean Charts and Range charts
both are under control.

• Because both the charts not exceeded

UCL and LCL
 P-Charts
P-Charts Used for quality characteristics that are discrete
and involve yes/no or good/bad decisions
The proportion or Fraction defective (P) is defined as the ratio
of number of defective articles in a sample to the total
number of articles included in the sample
• To evaluate process stability when counting the fraction
defective.
• It is used when the sample size varies:

Examples might include: the total number of circuit boards,

meals, or bills delivered varies from one sampling period to
the next
 P-Charts

Note: If the value of p is not known Mean of P is used in place of p

 NP-Charts

The chart shows the number of defective

items present in each sample.
 C-Charts

These are Used to monitor the number of

defects per unit.

• Determining stability of "counted" data (e.g.,

errors per widget, inquiries per month, etc.)

• The c chart will help evaluate process

stability when there can be more than one
defect per unit.
 C-Charts
• This chart is especially useful when you want
to know how many defects there are not just
how many defective items there are.

• The c chart is useful when it's easy to count

the number of defects and the sample size is
always the same.

Examples might include: the number of

defective elements on a circuit board, the
number of defects in a dining experience--
order wrong, food too cold, check wrong, or
the number of defects in bank statement,
invoice, or bill.
C-Charts
 Example
Constructing a P-Chart:
A Production manager for a tire company has inspected the
number of defective tires in five random samples with 20 tires
in each sample. The table below shows the number of
defective tires in each sample of 20 tires.

Sample Sample Number

Size (n) Defective
1 20 3
2 20 2
3 20 1
4 20 2
5 20 1
 Step 1:
Calculate the Percent defective of Each
Sample and the Overall Percent Defective
(P-Bar)

Sample Number Sample Percent

Defective Size Defective
1 3 20 .15
2 2 20 .10
3 1 20 .05
4 2 20 .10
5 1 20 .05
Total 9 100 .09
 Step 2:
Calculate the Standard Deviation of P.

p(1-p) (.09)(.91)
σp= = =0.064
n 20
 Step 3:
Calculate CL, UCL, LCL

 Center line (p bar):

CL  p  .09
 Control limits for ±3σ limits:

UCL  p  z  σ p   .09  3(.064)  .282

LCL  p  z  σ p   .09  3(.064)  .102  0
 Step 4:
Draw the Chart
 Constructing a C-Chart:

Week Number of
The number of Complaints
weekly customer 1 3
complaints are 2 2
monitored in a 3 3
large hotel. 4 1
Develop a three 5 3
sigma control limits 6 3
For a C-Chart 7 2
using the data table 8 1
On the right. 9 3
10 1
Total 22
 Calculate CL, UCL, LCL

 Center line (c bar):

#complaints 22
CL    2.2
# of samples 10

 Control limits for ±3σ limits:

UCL  c  z c  2.2  3 2.2  6.65

LCL  c  z c  2.2  3 2.2  2.25  0