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51°C
5°C
14 min./max. Inlet Air
Out-put Power (MW)
Temperature
13
12
11
10
9
ISO Condition
8
7
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Single Shaft
Single Shaft Gas Turbine
· filter assembly
· weather louvers
· inlet screens
· filters
Inlet Ducting Assembly
· inlet silencer
· trash screens
· air plenum
Compressor Section
In an axial flow
compressor the air
flows axially. This
means that the air
flows in a relatively
straight path in line
with the axis of the
gas turbine.
Axial Flow Compressor
· case
· rotor
· stator
Axial Flow Compressor
Compressor Stator
Operation
Operation:
As pressure is increased by
successive rotor/stator blade
sets, air volume is decreased.
Compressor Surge:
Compressor surge is a characteristic common to all types of gas
turbines.
Compressor Surge
Several methods are used to control surging. For example, the two-
shaft gas turbine design reduces the possibility of surging.
Compression Ratio:
Purpose
· outer case
· perforated inner liner
· fuel injectors
· source of ignition
The Combustion Chamber
To operate efficiently, a
combustion chamber must
provide:
· primary
· secondary
Turbine Section
Components
Contd.
Turbine Section
Turbine Nozzle
The turbine nozzle vanes have two
purposes:
Turbine Rotor
The energy of the gases leaving the first
row of turbine nozzle vanes encounters
the next major component of the turbine
section, the rotor or turbine wheel.
Operation
As Bernoulli's principle
states:
· an increase in velocity causes
a decrease in pressure
Turbine Section
Gas Flow
Purpose
When the gases exit the turbine
section they enter the last
section of the gas turbine, the
exhaust section.
Components :
Components:
Operation:
Purpose
Bearings have several purposes.
They:
· minimize friction
· minimize wear
· carry loads
Bearings
· vibration
Bearings
Plain Bearings:
· plain or sleeve
Plain Bearing
Assembly
A plain bearing assembly
consists of the:
Ball Bearings
Types:
Hydrodynamic
Bearings
· radial oil-wedge
· thrust oil-wedge
Bearings
Hydrodynamic
Bearings: Radial Oil-
Wedge
· a bearing housing
· thrust shoes
· a thrust collar attached to the
rotating shaft
The shaft is held in position by oil
pressure acting against the thrust
collar.
· air density
· contaminants
Purpose:
The purpose of a gas turbine
engine starting system is to
provide power to:
Starting System:
Components
Natural gas must meet the
manufacturer's specifications. A typical
pneumatic starting system requires
approximately 2600 scfm.
Lubricator
A lubricator, located
downstream of the starter
motor shutoff valve, injects
lubricating oil into the gas flow.
(Contd.)
Pneumatic Starting System
Starter Motor
The figure shows a starter motor and
the clutch, called a sprag or sprag
clutch assembly. The clutch in this
installation is in the housing that is
mounted on the engine gearbox drive.
Purpose
The purpose of a fuel system is to supply
an exact amount of clean fuel to the
engine under all operating conditions.
Fuel Gas
Requirements
The figure lists typical
fuel gas requirements for
gas turbine engines.
These requirements are:
Liquid Fuel
Requirements
· fuel temperature
· fuel viscosity
· pour point
· fuel quality
NOTE: Always check the turbine manufacturer's fuel specifications to ensure
that the fuel meets the specifications for the gas turbine you are operating.
The main components of a fuel gas system and liquid fuel system are given
next. We will begin with the fuel gas system.
Gas Turbine Fuel Systems
Liquid Fuel
System:
Components
Lube oil:
· reduces friction
· cushions
· cools
· cleans
· seals
Lubrication & Lube Oil
Reducing Friction
When the oil film is unbroken,
friction in the engine is fluid
friction instead of metal-to
metal friction.
For example, oil pressure will
actually lift the journal of a
shaft off the bearing on which
it is resting.
Service Procedures:
Service Procedures:
· Maintain cleanliness.
Service Procedures:
.If a hand pump is used to service lube oil, use that pump for one
specific lube oil only.
Operation:
Operation:
Operation:
After lubricating the bearings and gears, the lube oil is returned to the
lube oil reservoir.
Components:
A typical gas turbine lube oil
system consists of the following
components:
Oil Reservoir:
· main
· auxiliary
· emergency
All three types use oil from the lube oil reservoir.
Lubrication & Lube Oil
· vane
· gerotor
· gear
Gerotor Pump
Components
Gerotor Pump
Operation
The oil moves through the pump as The most commonly used
the pump rotates, until a minimum lube oil pump is the gear
clearance forces the oil out through pump shown in the figure on
the discharge port. the following page.
Lubrication & Lube Oil
Gear Pump
Components &
Operation
A gear pump usually consists of
two close-fitting gears, the drive
and idler gears, that rotate in a
pump case.
Auxiliary Pump:
Purpose & Function
Auxiliary Pump:
Purpose & Function
During gas turbine engine
shutdown, the auxiliary lube oil
pump is again started by the
control system when engine
speed slows to approximately
80% speed.
( Contd.)
Lubrication & Lube Oil
· filter case
· plumbing
· differential pressure gauge
· differential pressure alarm
switch
Each filter element is a pleated
paper cartridge designed to filter
The filter case is shaped like a
particles that are larger than 5
cylinder and contains microns.
replaceable filter elements.
Lubrication & Lube Oil
Lube Oil Filters:
Duplex Filter
Assembly
Many gas turbine engines have a
duplex lube oil filter assembly
instead of a simplex oil filter.
· oil-to-water
· oil-to-air
Lubrication & Lube Oil
Solar
Instruments &
Alarms
Information about
Solar lube oil system
instruments and
alarms begins on
the next page with
the level indicator.
Seals
( Contd.)
Seals
Labyrinth Seal in
Bearing Housing:
Labyrinth seals are installed in both
ends of the bearing housing with
bleed air pressure against the outer
surfaces of the seals.
Purpose:
Solar: Subsystem of
Lube Oil System
Solar gas turbines have two
separate hydraulic oil systems:
· pump element
The oil filter removes particles from the servo oil that are 25
microns or larger.
The purpose of the relief valve is to protect the pump and other
components in the servo oil system against excessive oil pressure.
· ignition exciter
· shielded cable spark plug lead
· spark plug
Purpose
Shaft Movement
(Contd.)
Vibration Monitoring System
Vibration Monitoring
Probes
(Contd.)
In the gas turbine, vibration
probes are installed in the bearing
housings near the shaft.
Purpose:
Enclosure ventilation
systems include:
· air inlet
· airflow
· exhaust
Air Inlet
The purpose of an enclosure
air inlet system is to:
· take in air for ventilation of
the enclosure
· treat the quality of inlet air
to make it suitable for
turbine use
Exhaust Components
· fans
· dampers Some enclosures have a cooling air fan
· screens installed in the exhaust or outlet duct.
The outlet dampers are the fire
· louvers dampers. One or more screens is
installed in the outlet ducting to
prevent entry of foreign matter.
Fire Detection System
Purpose:
The purpose of a fire/rate-of-rise
detection system is to detect a fire or
serious heat conditions in the gas
turbine/generator set enclosure.
An enclosure fire/rate-of-rise
detection system must have the
following characteristics:
Requirements:
Fire/rate-of-rise detection
systems should meet the
following requirements:
Requirements:
Fire Detection
System: Types
· thermal switches
· thermocouples
· pneumatic circuits
· optical detectors
· gas detectors
Fire Detection System
Thermal Switches
· single wire
· two wire
Thermal Switches
Two-Wire Thermal
Switch
Thermocouples are
temperature sensing
devices, primarily
used in temperature
indicating systems,
such as exhaust gas
temperature or
turbine outlet
temperature.
(Contd.)
Fire Detection System
Pneumatic Fire
Detection System
The pneumatic fire detection system
uses a gas-filled tube as a detector.
The detector is produced in various
sensor tube lengths and alarm
temperatures.
Optical Fire
Detection System
The detection systems
discussed so far detect
temperature increases. The
optical system detects
changes in the light
spectrum inside of the
enclosure.
Three optical fire detectors are shown in the figure, two in the
turbine compartment and one in the generator compartment.
Fire Detection System
Optical Fire
Detection System
(Contd.)
Fire Detection System
Fire Detection
System:
Operation
· sensors
· detection circuit
· protection system
Sensors are discussed first.
Gas Detection System
Sensors
Two or more sensors are installed in
the gas turbine compartment and one
or more in the generator compartment
near the divider wall where the drive
shaft or coupling penetrates the wall.
Sensors
Detection Circuit
Most gas detection systems are calibrated
to initiate an alarm when the gas
concentration in the enclosure reaches
15% to 20% L.E.L.
Protection System:
A high L.E.L. alarm is initiated at
60% L.E.L. A 60% L.E.L. is a 3%
combustible gas concentration.
On some gas turbine/generator
sets, a 60% L.E.L. alarm initiates
the following actions:
Protection System:
Purpose:
The purpose of a fire extinguishing
system is to discharge concentrations
of fire extinguishing agents into the
enclosure compartments.
Halon Extinguisher
System
Halon Extinguisher
System: Components
The main components of a
Halon fire extinguisher
system are as follows:
· cylinders
· valve assembly
· pressure switches
· discharge pipes and nozzles
· heat (thermal) and fire (optical)
detectors
· audible alarm (horn)
· monitor controller
Extinguisher Systems
Cylinders
Halon is stored in cylinders, on
or near the gas
turbine/generator package.
The number of Halon cylinders
in a system depends on the
volume of the protected area.
Cylinders
Halon cylinders are manufactured
in different sizes from 18 to 600
pounds. The cylinders are purged
with nitrogen and then filled with
Halon.
Cylinder Valve
Assembly
Cylinder Valve
Assembly
Operation
Halon pressure from the
cylinder enters the valve
assembly and rises through
a bleed port that contains a
ball check valve.
Cylinder Valve
Assembly
Operation
The valve is actuated by venting
pressure from the top of the
piston through the vent valve.
Monitor Controller
The controller monitors up to eight zones.
One LED (light emitting diode) is provided
for each zone. An LED blinks when a fire is
present in the corresponding zone.
Monitor Controller
When the lamp test switch is depressed, all
LEDs and digital displays illuminate. In the
reset mode, the lamp test switch indicates a
complete system reset.
Description:
A CO2 fire extinguisher system has
the same basic components as the
Halon system. The CO2
components are shown in the
figure. A CO2 system also operates
in the same manner as a Halon
system.
( Contd.
)
CO2 Extinguisher System
( Contd.)
CO2 Extinguisher System
Actuator
Arrangement
A CO2 system may be actuated by
several different methods.
· initial discharge
· extended discharge
By maintaining the
extinguishing concentration,
the likelihood of a fire
reigniting is minimized.
CO2 Extinguisher System
Extinguisher
Systems: Operation
Extinguisher Systems:
Operation
When a fire is detected, an alarm signal is sent
to the fire monitor/controller and other gas
turbine control systems.
Extinguisher Systems:
Operation
After 5 to 10 seconds (time delay),
extinguishing agent is released by actuation
of the cylinder valves.
Extinguisher Systems:
Operation
Extinguisher agent is discharged into the
turbine and generator compartments.
Extinguisher
Systems: Operation
The high-speed sensor indicates that the turbine is at operating speed and
that the accelerating sequence is complete.
Temperature Control Loop
(Contd.)
System Operation
(Contd.)
System Operation
2) The pre/postlube pump motor is energized.
3) The purge valve opens to purge the fuel system until engine
speed decreases below 15%.
5) The Pcd bleed valve opens to cutoff Pcd air and vent the fuel
control valve.