Mechanical Micro-process

in a fluid
Motion of particles in a fluid
FB  
W  mg   PVP g   P   3  g
6 
Fd
 3
FB   f V f g   f    g
v 6 
2
W    dx 
Fd    2  f Cd  
8  dt 
The phenomenon of resistance to motion through a
  3  d x 
2
fluid
W  FB  Fd  ma   P    2 
 6  dt 
 Motion of particles in a fluid
2
 3  3   2   3  d x 
2
 dx 
 P    g   f    g     f Cd     P    2 
6  6  8  dt   6  dt 
d 2 x  P   f  3  f   Cd   dx  2
 2    g   
dt  P  4    P   dt 
 x  h1* g  h 2 * Cd *  x
2

When the net force is zero the particle moves with constant velocity known as
terminal velocity.
 0  h1* g  h 2 * Cd *  x
2

h1 g
 x  v  *
h 2 Cd
x  v *t
 Motion of particles in a fluid
4 *  * g *  3 * v 2 *  f * Cd
v  ()
3 *  f * Cd 4 * g * 
The value of Cd is determined by the flow regime; the majority of
sedimentation phenomena involve laminar flow conditions.
Laminar flow: stokes’ region: Re  2 and Cd  Cfd = 24/Re

For accelerating particle

d 2 x    18  f   dx 
 2    g  2  
dt  P      P   dt 
Cd = f (Re)
 Motion of particles in a fluid
For steady rate of fall:

   18  f   dx 
0    g  2  
 P      P   dt 
 2 * g *  18 * v *  f
v 
18 *  f g * 
The stoke’s region has an upper limit: Re = 2 and Cd = 24/Re = 12

2*  f
From Re: vmax 
max *  f
 Motion of particles in a fluid
4 *max * g * 
From equation ():  vmax 
3 *  f *12

g *  f *  36 *   f 
2

 vmax,lam  2 * 3 max,lam  3
36 *   f  g *  f * 
2

Transient regime: 2 < Re < 500 and Cd = 18.5/Re0.6

Substituting Cd in equation () gives:

1
 4 *  1.6 * g *   4

v 
 55.5 *    0.4 *    0.6 
 f f 
Motion of particles in a fluid
0.1528 *  *g * 
1.143 0.714 0.714
v
 f  * f 
0.286 0.429

0.25 0.375
5.175 * v 0.875
*f *f
 
g 0.625 *  0.625
The upper boundary of the transient region:
Re = 500 and Cd = 18.5/5000.6
500 *  f
From Re: vmax 
max *  f
 Motion of particles in a fluid
4 * max * g *  * 500 0.6
From equation ():  vmax 
3 *  f *18.5

 vmax,tran  11 .45 * 3
g *  f * 
max,tran  43.68 * 3
 
f
2

 
f
2
g *  f * 

Turbulent regime: 500 < Re < 2e5 and Cd = 0.44

g * *  0.33 *  f * v 2
v 
0.33 *  f g * 
 Motion of particles in a fluid
• Applications
– Separation of particles of a given material
according to size
– Separation of particles of the same size, but of
different composition (materials A and B with
A> B)
• In a liquid of intermediary density (B < f < A)
• In a liquid whose density approaches that of the
lightest particles (f  B < A)
Motion of particles in a fluid
– The sedimentation velocity of the heavier particles is bigger than that of
lighter ones according to the ratio:


v A vB    A   f    B   f   1
Laminar flow

   A   f   B   f  0.714
v A vB Transient

     f   B   f  0.5
v A vB A
Turbulent

– Separation of particles differing both in composition and size

m=
• In a liquid with (f < B < A) 0
m = .5 in la

     
0 m
m = .625 in inar
B  A f f
m 1.0
A B in tu transien
rbul
e nt t
The closer the fluid density approaches  B , the bigger becomes the
Ratio of the diameters and the better the separation
 Exercise1: calculate the minimum density of the fluid,
viscosity  = 0.005 Pa-s , needed to separate lead ore
particles (Pb = 7500 kg/m3) completely from a matrix of
quartz particles (qu = 2650 kg/m3); both minerals are
characterized by a particle size distribution ranging from
0.015mm to 0.065mm.

 Exercise 2: Polyethylene spheres, density = 910 kg/m3

and diameter 3.4mm, settle in air of density =
1.218kg/m3 and viscosity = 1.73e-5 pa-s. calculate:
a. Their steady rate of fall;
b. The time needed to settle over a distance of 2m at
steady rate of fall
c. Is it possible to assume steady rate of fall for (b)?
Solution to Exercise1: 1 2
65  7500   f 

In laminar flow:
   f  2377 kg m 3
15  2650   f 

 1
65  7500   f 
   f  1195 kg m3
In turbulent flow:

15  2650   f 

Calculate n and Re for the largest and the smallest particles in the two different fluids
of density 1195 and 2377 kg/m3 respectively.

Lead quartz
diameter  Re  Re
0.015e-3 1.26e-4 8.96e-4 6.70e-6 4.77e-5
0.065e-3 2.36e-3 7.29e-2 1.26e-4 3.89e-3

In all cases under consideration laminar flow prevails. Thus the density of the fluid:
 f  2377 kg m 3
Double cone classifier