Electromagnetic

fields & waves

EEEB 253
Chapter 8

Semester I 2013/14
27th May – 6th Sept. 2013
College of Engineering
Chapter 8: Magnetic forces and
magnetic materials 2

• Study the force exerted by the magnetic field on a charged particle, current element
and loop
• Consider the magnetic field in different material media

1. Force due to magnetic fields

2. Magnetic torque and moment
3. Magnetization
4. Inductances and inductors
5. Magnetic energy

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8.1: Force due to magnetic field 3

• 3 ways a force can be experienced in a magnetic field:- 1) moving

charged particle in a B field; 2) current element in an external B
field; 3) between two current element
• Magnetic force experienced by a charge Q moving with a velocity u
in a magnetic field B  ; Fm perpendicular to u and B
• Fm cannot perform work as it is normal to the velocity
• For a moving charge in E and B fields Lorentz force
equation; With a mass m,
• Force on a current element – current = flow of many charges
• for a closed path L,
• Note:- the B field produced by the current element does not exert
magnetic
Ker Pin Jern force on itself © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8.1: Force due to magnetic field 4

• Example 8.3

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
 8.2: Magnetic torque and moment 5

• Very important to understand the concept of a current loop

experiencing a torque in a magnetic field in order to understand d.c.
motors and generators
• The torque on a loop is the vector product of the force and the
moment arm ,r , unit – N.m
• A rectangular loop with length l and width w
• Under a uniform B field
• Along sides 12 and 34: dl parallel to B; Fm = 0
• Therefore,
• , but both forces acting at different point
• If the normal to the plane makes an angle with B,
Ker Pin Jern or  Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
© Universiti
8.2: Magnetic torque and moment 6

• The magnetic dipole moment:- is the product of the current

and area of the loop in the direction normal to the loop
• Hence, from 
• When do we get maximum torque? When will it be minimum?
• Example 8.5

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8.3: Magnetization 7

• Magnetization, M – in amperes/meter (A/m) is the magnetic dipole

moment per unit volume
• Without an external B field, the sum of magnetic moments is zero
due to random orientation; when Bfield is applied, the magnetic
moments of the electrons align themselves with B
• A material is said to be magnetized if M is not zero
• Bound volume current density or magnetization volume
current density
• Bound surface current density , is the unit
vector normal to the surface
• , M depends linearly on H such that
where is the magnetic susceptibility - dimensionless
Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8.3: Magnetization 8

• Hence, 
• is the permeability of the material in Henrys/m (H/m)
• is the relative permeability

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8.4: Inductances and inductors 9

• Circuit carrying current I  magnetic field B  causes flux

• With N identical turns, flux linkages
• Flux linkages is proportional to the current
• L is the proportionality constant, called Inductance
• Circuit that has inductance is called inductor
• Inductance=ratio of magnetic flux linkage to current
• Unit – Henry (H): 1H = 1Wb/A
• Usually called self-inductance since the flux linkages are produced
by the circuit itself
• Capacitance – measure of how much electric energy stored;
Inductance – measure of how much magnetic energy stored
Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8.4: Inductances and inductors 10

• Magnetic energy stored in an inductor or

• Typical examples of inductor – toroids, solenoids, coaxial
transmission line; parallel-wire transmission line
• To find the self-inductance:-

• In an inductor such as coaxial or parallel wire transmission lines,

inductance produced by the flux internal to the conductor is called
the internal inductance; inductance produced by flux external to it is
called the external inductance

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8.4: Inductances and inductors 11

• Typical examples of inductor – toroids, solenoids, coaxial

transmission line; parallel-wire transmission line
• To find the self-inductance:-

• In an inductor such as coaxial or parallel wire transmission lines,

inductance produced by the flux internal to the conductor is called
the internal inductance; inductance produced by flux external to it is
called the external inductance

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8.5: Magnetic energy 12

• To express the magnetic energy in terms of B and H

• Example 8.11

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
8.5: Magnetic energy 13

• Example 8.11  What about L/length??

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power
Chapter 8 Conclusion 14

• Tutorial questions:- P.E. 8.7, P.E. 8.9, P.E. 8.10; Problems:- 8.14, 8.17,
8.32, 8.33

Ker Pin Jern © Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Power