COMMUNICATION

DEFINITION
 Comunication is the process and activity of
transmitting information from a giver , source
or transmitter to a recipient (receiver) through
a channel.
 It is the act of sending an appropriate message
through formal or informal way to a specific
receiver and the receiving of correct feedback
response thereupon whenever possible.
 Levels of communication.
 By levels of communication, is meant who or
what sends the information or idea and who or
what receives it and place.
 Intra-individual communication.
 In this case, communication takes place within
the single individual eg the pain receptor in the
skin that sends message to the brain.
 The second level of communication takes
place between the leader and his subordinates
(a sender and a receiver).
 Intra-organizational communication.
 They are messages passed through groups or
sub-units which is an example of a third level
of communication.
 Extra-organizational communication.
 A type of communication that occurs between
groups or organizations and their environment,
is fourth level.
 The communication process
 It is the sharing of or exchanging of facts,
ideas, opinion or between people, individuals
and another individual or between individuals
and a group.
 The process starts with a sender (encoder,
transmitter,source) who wants to share an idea
or feeling with another person called receiver).
 The sender decides to put what he wants to
send (a word, gesture, a package, a thought
etc) that will be acceptable to him or her and
the receiver.
 The sender also decides on the medium or
channel to use e.g verbal or non-verbal and go
to initiate the action.
 The message is received by the person it is
meant for and breaks it into symbols he the
receiver can understand and goes to react to it.
 The response of the receiver is referred to as
Feedback.
 Types or channels of communication.
 Verbal communication.
 It is communication through the use of
alphabet or language that is verbalised.
 It comes in form of oral communication
(spoken words), face to face conversation,
formal and informal meetings, group
discussions/syndicate group, symposia and
seminars, use of telephones.
 Non-verbal communication.
 Is conducted without the use of alphabets or
words (spoken words).
 It is in form of written words, letters, notices,
circulars, information, books, brochures,
internal memorandum, visual aids (posters,
transparencies, slides, flip charts).
 The body can be used as an instrument for
conveying symbols and signs to others.
 This can be in form of shaking of heads,
winks, laughter, raised eyebrows, frown,
gesture, clenched fist.
 Non-verbal communication also includes the
use of symbols, signs and graphics and other
artistic modes.
 It is a means of expressing the individual or
communicator’s feelings, prejudice or
psychological characteristics.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION.
 Most organizations, communication flows
down-up, across and between subordinate or
subordinate and interdepartmental.
 The route of communication can be vertical,
lateral and diagonal.
 It can also be formal, informal or from
gragevine.
 Vertical.
 Instructions, directives and policies flows from
up to down at all levels.
 It can also be up-ward or down-ward.
 Lateral communication.
 It is normally from one head of department to
the other.
 The officers are of equal rank though they may
not be working in the same place.
 Diagonal communication.
 The communication goes beyond department.
 Types of communication in an
organization.
 Formal communication.
 Information is routed from official sources
such as circulars and memos.
 Informal communication.
 Verbal information is given by colleagues who
have come across official documents.
 Grapevine communication.
 Information from here is from unofficial
source.
 careless talk or remarks,
 Gossips and rumours constitutes what is
referred to as Grapevine.
Principles of effective communication.
 Adequate knowledge by sender of content of message
to be conveyed.
 Clarity of information to be passed.
 Maintain accuracy and honesty in your
communication.
 Give enough time for message interpretation.
 Maintain a good rapport between sender and receiver
of all messages.
 Reduce the use of intermediary to avoid
misinterpretation of message/s.
 Overcoming communication
breakdown.
 Develop empathy and understand other
people’s viewpoint.
 Pass your information in order of priority and
importance.
 Do not pass too much information at a time.
 Use simple and precise language with clarity.
 Choose appropriate time for your message.
 Test and summarise if you have been or not
with a view to effecting correction.
Understood.
 Improve your listening skill and don’t lose
your temper.
 Barriers to effective communication.
 Physical and environmental barriers eg noisy, stuffy
non-conducive environment and poor ventilation
contribute to affecting good communication.
 Psychological and social barriers eg a person who is
bereaved or attacked by robbers or a recent divorce.
 Semantic problems brought about by cultural or tribal
sentiments or selective perception, people sometimes
hear what they want to hear.
 Poor interpersonal relationships, prejudice,
jealousy, preconceived ideas and resentment.
 Stress or mood changes.
 Superior subordinate non-cordial relationship.
 Hoarding information.
 Defective language differences or badly
expressed message.
 Reception, hearing defect, visual or speech
defect can partially or completely affect
communication.
 The guidelines of communication
 Clarify or analyze your ideas before communicating.
 Examine the true purpose of communicating.
 Consider the total physical and human setting
(ventilation), the timing and privacy.
 Consult with others, where appropriate, in planning
communication for their active support.
 Watch the tone of your voice and your expression.
 Convey something acceptable to the receiver
considering his/her interest and needs.
 follow-up your communication to know whether you
have succeeded in expressing your intent.
 Be consistent in your communications with long
range interest and goals.
 Be sure your actions support your communication,
action, or words should not contradict each other.
 Be a good listener and attentive when others
are communicating with spoken words.
 Communication in the ward.
 The nurse in charge is normally in the centre
of communication.
 She relates with every person that is
contributing to the management of the patient.
 END OF SHOW…..

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