COMPLEX

ANALYSIS
Section 1: Complex Numbers

Lecturer: Mardan A. Pirdawood

2019 - 2020
 Complex Number System

Definition
A complex number is any number of the form where and are real numbers
and is the imaginary unit.

Terminology
If , then is called the real part of and is called the imaginary part of and
are denoted by and , respectively. The symbol , which can stand for any
complex number, is called a complex variable.

Example
If , then and . A real constant multiple of the imaginary unit is called a pure
imaginary number. For example, is a pure imaginary number.

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 Complex Number System

Note
The imaginary part of is not .

Definition
Complex numbers and are equal, ,
if and .

Note
The totality of complex numbers or the set of complex numbers is usually
denoted by the symbol . Because any real number can be written as
, we see that the set of real numbers is a subset of .

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 Operations with Complex Numbers
 
Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. If
and ,these operations are defined as follows.

 Addition:

𝑧 1+𝑧 2=(𝑎 1+𝑖 𝑏1 )+(𝑎2 +𝑖 𝑏2 )=(𝑎1 +𝑎2 )+𝑖 (𝑏1 +𝑏2 )

  

 Subtraction:

𝑧 1 − 𝑧 2= ( 𝑎1 +𝑖 𝑏1 ) −(𝑎2+𝑖𝑏 2)=(𝑎 1 − 𝑎2)+𝑖(𝑏 1 −𝑏 2)

  

 Multiplication:

𝑧   1 ∙ 𝑧 2=( 𝑎 1+𝑖 𝑏1 )( 𝑎 2+𝑖 𝑏2 ) =𝑎1 𝑎2 −𝑏 1 𝑏 2+𝑖(𝑏 11𝑎 2+𝑎1 𝑏2)

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 Operations with Complex Numbers

 Division:

  

Example: Addition and Multiplication

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 Basic Algebraic Properties
 
 The familiar commutative, associative, and distributive laws hold for
complex numbers:

 The additive identity and the multiplicative identity for real numbers
carry over to the entire complex number system. That is,

Generally, the set of Complex numbers , is a field.

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 Complex Conjugate

Definition
If is a complex number, the number obtained by changing the sign of its
imaginary part is called the complex conjugate, or simply conjugate, of and is
denoted by the symbol . In other words, if , then its conjugate is .

Example
a) if , then
b) if , then .
c) If is a real number, say, , then .

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 Complex Conjugate

Properties
From the definitions of addition and subtraction of complex numbers,
it is readily shown that the conjugate of a sum and difference of two complex
numbers is the sum and difference of the conjugates:

1. 2.

Moreover, we have the following additional properties:

3. 4.

5.

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 Complex Conjugate

Properties

6. 7.

8.

 
Property (8) is the important relationship which enables us to approach
division in a practical manner.
Division
To divide by , multiply the numerator and denominator of by
the conjugate of . That is,

   𝑧1
1
𝑧1
1
𝑧
´22
𝑧1
1
𝑧´2
2
= ∙ =
𝑧2
2 𝑧2
2 𝑧
´22 𝑧2
2 𝑧2
´2
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 Complex Conjugate

Example

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 Inverses
 
In the complex number system, every number has a unique additive inverse.
As in the real number system, the additive inverse of is its negative, , where .
For any complex number , we have .

Similarly , every nonzero complex number has a multiplicative inverse. In

symbols, for there exists one and only one nonzero complex number such
that . The multiplicative inverse is the same as the reciprocal .

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 Reciprocal

Example

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 Outline

 Complex Number System

 Operations with Complex Numbers
 Complex Plane
 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers
 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

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 Complex Plane
 
A complex number is uniquely determined
by an ordered pair of real numbers .

 
Vectors
We can also associate any nonzero complex
number with the directed line segment, or  Figure 1: -plane

vector, from the origin to the point that

represents in the complex plane. This vector
interpretation prompts us to define the length of
the vector z as the distance from the origin to
the point . This length is given a special name.

  Figure 2: as a vector
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 Absolute Value (Modulus)

Definition
The absolute value or modulus of a complex number , is defined as

Example

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 Absolute Value (Modulus)

Properties
Let , then the following properties hold:

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 Absolute Value (Modulus)

Properties
8) The triangle inequality

Figure 3: Triangle with vector sides

Figure 4: Vector difference

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 Outline

 Complex Number System

 Operations with Complex Numbers
 Complex Plane
 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers
 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

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 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
 
Suppose, as shown in Figure 5, that a polar coordinate
system is superimposed on the complex plane with
the polar axis coinciding with the positive -axis and the
pole at the origin. Then and are related by
, . These equations enable us to Figure 5: Polar coordinates
express a nonzero complex number
or

which is called the polar form of the complex number. Again, from Figure 5 we
see that the coordinate r can be interpreted as the distance from the origin to
the point . In other words, we shall adopt the convention that is never negative
so that we can take to be the modulus of , that is, .

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 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
 
The angle is called an argument of and is denoted by . An argument θ of a
complex number must satisfy the equations and . An argument of a complex
number z is not unique since cos θ and sin θ are 2π-periodic. In practice we use
to find . However, because is -periodic, some care must be exercised in using the
last equation. A calculator will give only angles satisfying
, that is, angles
in the first and fourth quadrants. We have
to choose consistent with the quadrant
in which is located; this may require
adding or subtracting to
when appropriate.

Figure 6: Polar coordinates in the complex plane

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 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
Example

Express in polar form.

Figure
  7:
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 Principal Argument
 
The symbol actually represents a set of values, but the argument of a complex
number that lies in the interval is called the principal value of or the
principal argument of . The principal argument of is unique and is
represented by the symbol , that is,

Example
We see from Figure 8 that the argument
of that lies in the interval
, the principal argument of ,
is .

Figure
  8: Principal argument

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 Principal Argument

We can express the complex number in the alternative polar form:

Note

In general, and are related by

Properties

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 Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
 Suppose:

where and are any arguments of and , respectively. Then

From the following formulas for the cosine and sine,

we get

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 Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
Example
Find and and write the number in the form a + ib.

1)

2)

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 Outline

 Complex Number System

 Operations with Complex Numbers
 Complex Plane
 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers
 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

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 Integer Powers of Complex Numbers
 
We can find integer powers of a complex number from the results of
Multiplication and Division in Polar Form ().
For example, if then with ,

A generalization of the multiplication rule leads to

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 Integer Powers of Complex Numbers
Example

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 Roots of Complex Numbers
 
Suppose where and are polar forms of the complex numbers and . Then the
equation becomes

From , we can conclude that

and

From (2) and (3) we get

and .

These equalities, in turn, indicate that the arguments and are related by

, where .

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 Roots of Complex Numbers
 
We summarize this result. The th roots of a nonzero complex number
are given by

𝜃+2 𝑘 𝜋 𝜃+2𝑘 𝜋
[ ( )]
 
𝑛
𝑤 𝑘 =√ 𝑟 cos
𝑛
+𝑖 sin
𝑛
, ) (
where

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 Roots of Complex Numbers
Example 1
Find the three cube roots of .
Solution
We are basically solving the equation .
Now with , , a polar form of the given number is given by with , we then obtain

Hence the three roots are,

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 Roots of Complex Numbers

Example 2 Figure
  9: Three cube roots of

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 Outline

 Complex Number System

 Operations with Complex Numbers
 Complex Plane
 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers
 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

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 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane
 
Our goal in the chapters that follow is to examine functions of a single complex
variable and the calculus of these functions. Before introducing the notion of a
function in Chapter 2, we need to state some essential definitions and
terminology about sets in the complex plane.

Circles

Suppose . Since is the distance between the points and ,

the points that satisfy the equation

lie on a circle of radius centered at the point .

See Figure 10.
Example:

Figure
  10: Circle of radius

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 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

Disks
The pointsthat satisfy the inequality can be either on the circle or within the
circle. We say that the set of points defined by is a disk of radius centered
at .

Neighborhoods
The points that satisfy the strict inequality lie within, and not on, a circle of
radius centered at the point . This set is called a neighborhood of .
Occasionally , we will need to use a neighborhood of that also excludes . Such a
neighborhood is defined by the simultaneous inequality ρ and is called a
deleted neighborhood of .
Example: defines a neighborhood of the origin but defines a deleted
neighborhood of the origin.

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 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

Interior, Exterior and Boundary Points

A point is said to be an interior point of a set of the complex plane if there
exists some neighborhood of that lies entirely within . If every neighborhood of
a point of a set contains at least one point of and at least one point not in , then
is said to be a boundary point of . If a point is not an interior or boundary point
of a set , it is an exterior point of .

 Figure 11: Interior, boundary, and exterior of set

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 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

Open Sets
An open set is a set which consists only of interior points. For example, the set
of points such that is an open set.

Figure 12: Some Open Sets

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 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

Annulus
The set of points satisfying the inequality lie exterior to the circle of radius
centered at , whereas the set of points satisfying
lie interior to the circle of radius centered at . Thus, if
, the set of points satisfying the simultaneous inequality

is the intersection of the sets and . This intersection is an open circular

ring centered at which is called an open circular annulus. For example Figure
12(b) illustrates such an annulus.

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 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

Connected Sets, Domain

An open set is said to be connected if any two points of the set can be joined by
a path consisting of straight line segments (i.e., a polygonal path) all points of
which are in .
An open connected set is called a domain.
Each of the open sets in Figure 12 is connected and so are domains.

Regions, Bounded Sets

A region is a set of points in the complex plane with all, some, or none of its
boundary points.
We say that a set S in the complex plane is bounded if there exists a real number
such that every in . That is, is bounded if it can be completely enclosed within
some neighborhood of the origin.

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