Magnetostatic Field

Chapter 7
Magnetostatic Fields
PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 1

Objectives
1. Apply the Biot-Savart law to find the magnetic induction produced by
currents in conductors of simple geometry;
2. Find the field of a magnetic dipole and its behavior in a magnetic

field;
3. Explain Ampère's circuital theorem and its relation to the Biot-Savart

law, and apply it to find magnetic fields of currents in conductors;
4. Describe the effects due to magnetic materials and explain the

relationships of magnetic induction, magnetic intensity,
magnetisation and permeability;
5. Define, explain the properties of, and apply the vector potential
PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields

7.1 Introduction
 Magnetostatic can be characterized by H and B
 The relation, B  H equivalent to D  E
 Magnetostatic will be easier - similarity to E
 Oersted 1820, proposed the relationship, B and H
It will be discussed under, Maxwell' s equation.

Two basic laws in Magnetostatic : Biot Savart’s Law
and Ampere’s Law
Idl  R
 H  dl  I enc dH 
C 4R 3
R
 B  dl  o I enc dB 
 o Idl  R
C 4R 3
This is similar to Coulomb’s Law and Gauss’s Law

7.2 Biot Savart’s Law
Discuss magnetic field H produced by electric current, I
BS . states that the differential

magnetic field intensity dH at a point p
produced by an element Idl
with a distance R is proportional
to the product of Idl and sin , and
inversely proportional to R 2 .
Idl  R
dH 
4R 3

Idl sin 
dH  , scalar form
4R 2
Idl  âR
dH  , in unit vector âR
4R 2
Idl  R
dH  , in vector R
4R 3

For current element distribution
Idl  K dS  Jdv
Idl  âR K dS  âR Jdv  âR

H   S 4R 2 V 4R 2

L
4R 2
Line current Surface current density Volume current density

10
density
Application of Biot-Savart’s law
Example 7.1
Determine the field at a point P due to
a straight current in filamentary
conductor of finite length AB

Solution 7.1
where
dl  dzâ z
R  â  zâ z
dl  R  dzâ
Idl  R
dH 
4R 3
Idz
H  â
 
3/ 2
4  2  z 2
By substituting
z =  cot  and dz = -  cosec2d
and take the limit 1 to  2
2
I  2 cos ec 2d
H 
4   3 cos ec 3 â
1
2
I
 â  sin  d
4  1
I
H  cos  2  cos  1  â
4
This case is true only for straight line current.
Observe that the direction of the H is only in
the â direction.

I
H â
4
(0 ,0 ,0 ) (0,0, )
 Therefore the H is a tengent to a circle with the

radius,  centred at the axis of the wire AB
 If A is at (0,0,0) and B is at infinity (0,0, )

then we can write,  1  90 and  2  0 ,
Then for this case
I I
H  cos  2  cos  1  â  H  aˆ
4 4
 If both A and B are at infinity, then
 1  180 o and  2  0 thus the field H can be written as
I I
H  cos  2  cos  1  â  H
2
aˆ
4
(0,0,) (0,0, )
I
H â
P
2
Example 7.2 Current l
oop
A loop is on the xy plane, z  0

carries a current I in the aˆ  direction
Determine the field intensity H
at (0,0, h) and (0,0,-h)

Solution
In this case h can be any values on the z axis
Idl  R
dH 
4R 3
dH 
I
 hd â   2 d â z 

4   h2

2 3/ 2 
p
dH  dH  aˆ   dH z aˆ z
Because of symmetry, the field has

z-component only.
2
I 2 d
H   dH z   aˆ z
 
3/ 2
0 4  2  h 2
q
I 22
 aˆ z
 
3/ 2
4  2  h 2
Observe that a point q
I 2
is on the opposite side
H â to the point p,
2   h 
3/ 2 z
2 2
Therefore by replacing
PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields h with -h , the 19
Example 7.3
A plane with infinite in size carrying a surface current
K  kâ y . If the plane is on xy at z  0, find the H field
at everywhere .
K dS  aˆ R 1 K R
H   S ' R 3 dx' dy'
S
4R 2
4
r  xaˆ x  yaˆ y  zaˆ z
r '  x' aˆ x  y ' aˆ y

R   x  x' aˆ x   y  y ' aˆ y   z  aˆ z

K  R   kaˆ y    x  x' aˆ x   y  y ' aˆ y   z  aˆ z 
 k  zâ x   x'  x  â z  20
k  zâx   x'  x  âz  dx' dy'
H
4    x  x'  2   y  y'  2   z  2  3 / 2
By using, X'  x'-x and Y'  y - y' the result of integration
can be written as z
1
H   kâ x
1 2
H   kâ x x
2 1
H   kâ x
2
We can observe that the magnetic filed intensity for infinite
plane is independence on z axis. It means that the field is the same
every where around the plane..
s
This case is similar to the electrostatic case. D   ân
2

Example 7.4
A solenoid of length l and radius a consists of N turns of wire
carrying current I , determine the magnetic field intensity at
point p along its axis x
ndz
a
1  2
z
p
a z
l
To solve this problem we can use the result that we obtain
in example 7.2 (a loop with radius  )
I 2
H â z Substitute H  dH ,  
 
3/ 2
2  2  h2 a , I  I, 22
=
therefore
dz = -a cosec2 d
 z  a 2

2 3/ 2
 sin d
a2
I ( dl )a 2
dH z 
 
3/ 2
2a z 2 2
Ia 2 ndz

 
3/ 2
2a z2 2
nI
or dH z   sin d
2
2
nI nI
thus HZ    sin  d   cos 2  cos1 
PHY3401- Chapter
2 1
7 – Magnetostatic Fields
2 23
In general we can write
nI
H    cos  2  cos 1  â z
2
Or by using definition of, n=N/l the field at the solenoid axis,
NI
H  cos  2  cos 1  âz
2l

If the point P is in the center then we can define the values
of 1 and 2 as,
l/2
cos  2   cos 1 
a 
1/ 2
2
l / 4
2
Thus ln( I )
H â z
 
1/ 2
2 a2  l 2 / 4
If l >> a. or 1  0 , 2  180 the solenoid is infinite
NI
H  nIâ z  â z
l
Magnetic Field Produced by a solenoid

7.3. Ampere’s Law THE ORIGIN OF AMP’S LAW
In electrostatics, the electric field E and

its sources (charges) are related to
Gauss’s Law
Qenc
S E  dS   o
Useful when symmetry applies, E can be
easily computed
Similarly, in magnetism the magnetic field B and its sources

(currents) are related by Ampere’s Law.
 B  dl   I
C
o enc or  H  dl  I enc
C
Useful
PHY3401- when
Chapter 7 –symmetry
Magnetostaticapplies,
Fields B can be easily computed 26
 B  dl  o I enc or  H  dl  I
C
enc
C
Is called Ampere’s circuit Law - Maxwell’s

equation
Ampere' s circuit law state that the line integral of the tengential
component of H around a closed path is the same as
the net current I enc by the path.
I
z  B  dl    I
C
o 1  I 2  I 3  I 4 ..
 dB
p
Amperian loop
z
I
 dB
p

C
H  d l  I enc
 B  dl   I
C
o enc

7.4 Applications of Ampere’s
Law
We will discuss for four cases
mple 1: B produced by Infinite straight line wire
Consider an infinitely long wire

with a current I flowing along I
the z axis. Determine the
magnetic field using Ampere’s
Law every where around the
wire.

Solution
Apply Ampere’s Law
I
 B  dl   I o enc
B
C
r
B( 2r )   o I
o I
B â
2r
The direction - right hand rule
Remember that the electric field by a line of charge
l
E â 
2 o 
Example 2 Infinite length of conductor
Consider an infinitely long conductor with a current I flowing along the

axis. Using Ampere’s Law determine the magnetic field every where
around the conductor.
 +z
B
inside and outsi
 -z
de a solid wire ca
rrying a current 31
Solution
For  > a (outside the conductor)
 H  dl  I
C
enc 2a
 H â  dâ  I enc I


2 p
H   d  I enc
0 Amperian
lin t a s a n A m p e r eA
H   2   I enc (a)

loop
I
H â
2 32

Amperian
loop

Example 7.6 (Infinite Sheet of Current)
Consider an infinite current sheet in the z = 0 plane. If the sheet

has a uniform current density K  k y â y A/m. By applying the
Ampere’s Law determine the Magnetic field intensity, H
 H  dl   H  b    H
x z  a     H x  b    H z  a   K y b
ky 1
Hx  H   K  ân
2 2
Example 7.7 (Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line)
Consider an infinitely long transmission line consisting of two concentric

cylinders having their axes along the z-axis. If the inner conductor has
radius a and carries current I while the outer conductor has radius b and
thickness t carries return current -I, determine the H everywhere.
L 4
c
L 3
b
L L 2
a
L 1
a
a
c (b )
b
(a)
L1  0    a , in conductor 1
L2  a    b , the space between conductors
L3  b    ( b  t ), in conductor 2
L4    ( b  t ), outside the conductor 2, (   c)

Solution
For path L1 ,( 0    a )
I
 H  dl   J  dS  I enc
L1
and J  2 â z ,
a
dS  ddâ z
I I 2
 J  dS  a  dd 
2
a2
I 2
 H  dl  H  dl  H  2  
L1
a2
I I
H  H â
 2  a 2  2  a 2 

For path L2 (a    b )
 H  dl  I
L2
enc I
I
H   2   I  H  
2
I
H â
2

For Path L3 ( b    (b + t))
 H  dl  I
L3
enc  I  I'
   2  b2    I 
H   2   I 

  b  t   b2
2

I   2  b2 
H  1  2 
2  t  2bt 
I   2  b2 
H 1  2  â
2  t  2bt 
For Path L4 ,   (b + t)
 H  dl  I enc  I   I  0
L4
then, H = 0 or H0
m a g n e t i c f ie ld in t h e c o n d u c t o r I
H
m a g n e t ic f i e l d b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r
1
2a
m a g n e t i c f ie ld in t h e o u t e r c o n d u c t o r r
1
2b

a b

Example 7.8
A plane
K  k b (xy
â x ) at z K
= 0k aand
â x another plane xy at z = 4
carrying current density and and
respectively.
Determine the magnetic field between the two plane and the
outside two plane z
K  k a â x
z = 4
z = 0
K  k b (â x )

Solution
We use the previous result i.e. magnetic field due to an
infinity plane
1
H  K  ân
2
a). Let a point (x, y, z) between two planes;
therefore 0  z  4
1 1  Ka 
H   K  ân    K a  â x  â z   â y A / m
2 2  2 
1 1  Kb 
H 4  K  ân   K b  â x    â z    â y A / m
2 2  2 
Then H   K a  K b  â y A / m
b). Let a point (x', y', z') as a point above the fisrt plane
then, 0 > z' > 4.
1  Ka 
H     K a  â x  â z   â y A / m
2  2 
1  Kb 
H 4   K b  â x  â z   â y A / m
2  2 
The net magnetic field due to two planes is zero ( = 0)
A/m.

Example 7.9 Toroid
A toroid whose dimensions are shown below
has N turns and
carries current I . Determine H inside and
outside the toroid

Solution
 H  dl  I enc  H  2  NI
NI
H
2
By taking  o as the mean radius of toroid then apply
Ampere’s circuit law
NI NI
H approx  
2 l

Example 7.10
Considering a coaxial cable as shown in fig. If the inner conductor with
radius a carries a uniform current as
J  J e  a   
Determine the magnetic field at everywhere
J o is current density on the surface

of the conductor
Magnetic Field Produced by a coaxial cable

Solution
For  < a Ampere’s circuit law can be written as
 H  dl  I
H   2    J e 
 a 
2 d

 2J e a    1 e   1 

For a    b, Ampere' s circuit law
can be written as
 H  dl  I

H   2   2J   a  1  e  a 
H 
J


a  1  e a 
For  > b The total current is zero, therefore

magnetic field
does not exist out side the system..
Known as Maxwell equation (iii). The equation tell us that the magnetic
field is not conservative field.

Example 7.11
The field H due to a current source given as; .

H  y cos ax  â x   y  e x  â z
Find current density on the plane xy, zx and yz.
Solution J  H
â x â y â z
  
J  H 
x y z
 y cos ax  0  y  ex 
â x â y â z
  
J  H 
x y z
 y cos ax  0  y  ex 
  
J
y
 
y  e x â x 
x
 
y  e x â y   y cos ax  â z
y
J  â x  e x â y  cos ax  â z
This result shown that the current density on the

plane xy and xz, where z = 0 and y = 0.
For current density on the other plane, yz, we
obtain by substituting x = 0 to the above result.
J Then
 â x  â y  â z J  3 A/m 2
7.6 Magnetic Flux Density
- Maxwell Equation
Magnetic flux density B can be related to

Magnetic field intensity H as
B   H
Where  o  4 10 7
known as the Permeability of free space.

(H/m).

Magnetic Flux through a surface S can be expressed as
dot product between field vector B and surface vector
S
   B  dS    D  dS  Q
S S

For closed surface, the total flux must be zero because every
flux enter the surface will be followed by the flux going out
from the surface.
   B  dS  0 Using Divergence Theorem,

S
   B dv  0  B  dS     B dv
S
B 0

Example 7.12
Magnetic flux density B is produced by an infinite length of a straight wire
carrying an electric current I as shown in the Figure. Determine the magnetic
flux through a frame wire with the dimension (L x a).
Solution
d
I Flux    B  dS
S
1
r2
  I 
 L      â  Ld â
2 r1 
2 
2
  IL  1
a     d
 2  1 

7.7 Maxwell Equation for static case.
56

7.8 Vector Potential Magnet, A and Scalar
Potential magnet, Vm
   V   0 Then     A  0
Base on these two vector identity we can define
magnetic Potential Vm as,
H    Vm where J = 0
and Vm is measured in Ampere.
57

By using Maxwell equation (iv)
H  J Mean that Vm  0

 2
Therefore magnetic scalar potential only can be defined

in the space where there is no current exist..
Please note that the magnetic potential must satisfy the

Lapalce’s equation
 2Vm  0 , occur when J  0
Magnetic vector potential can be derived from equation (ii)
  B  0 , mean that B    A

1 R
    3
 Idl  R R R
B
4 L R 3
  1
B 
4 L
Idl     
 R
B   A Comparison
  Idl
B   
L
4R
 Idl
Therefore A
L
4R

Therefore for three current distributions
  Idl   K dS   Jdv
A  
L
4R S 4R V
4R
B    A
and    B  dS
      A   dS
Using Stokes’s Theorem
   A  dl
L
Now vector potential is a vector quantity

and must satisfy vector identity.

One of the vector identity is
    A     A   2 A
 A  B
  B     A   2 A
For the case of magnetostatic
  B   2 A A 0
   H   2 A
But
  H  J
 J   A 2
Then vector potential can be written as
 2 A    J
 2 A    J
This is Poisson’s equation for potential vector magnet.
,
In the x, y, z components we write as;
 2 Ax    J x
 2 Ay    J y
 2 Az    J z

Ampere’s circuit law and Stokes’s
Theorem
 H  dl      H   dS
 1  H
 H  dl      o B   dS B
O
B   A
1
 H  dl    (   B )  dS
 H  dl         A   dS
1
    A   2 A   J
 H  dl   J  dS
Example 7.13
2
If the vector potential magnet is given as A   â z Wb/m,
4
find the total magnetic flux cutting a surface defined by
 = /2, 0    10m and 0  z  2m.

  ,   10 dan 0z2
2 2
10
 y
10

x 
2

Solution
B   A
Az 
B  â  â
 2
Then dS  ddzâ
Surface element in
   B  dS cylindrical
coordinate
2 10
1
    ddz  50 Wb
2 Z 0   0

Example 7.14
Plane z  0 carrying current K  k y â y , discuss the H field

by solving the vector potential magnet A

Solution
 K dS
Vector potential magnet due to surface element dS dA 
4R
In this problem, dS = dx'dy'
and for z > 0,
We write
R R   0 ,0 , z    x' , y' ,0 

  x'    y'    z' 
2 2

2 1/ 2
 K dS
dA 
4R
 k y dx' dy' â y
dA 
 
1/ 2
4  x'    y'    z 
2 2 2


and dB    dA   dAy â x
z
 k y dx' dy' â x
dB 
 
3/ 2
4  x'    y'    z 
2 2 2
 k y zâ x  
dx' dy'
B 
4  x'  
3/ 2
  y'    z 
2 2 2
  

The problem can be simplified by using cylindrical
coordinate.
 k y zâ x  2
' d' d'
B  
4  '  
3/ 2
  z
2 2
 
'  0 ' 0
3 / 2
 k y zâ x
 

2   '    z   1 / 2  d  '  2
2 2
B
4  ' 0
 k y zâ x 1 
B
4   '  2
  z
2
 1/ 2 '  0
 k y â x
B
2
 k y â x
B B  o H
2
H  B / 
 k y â x
 for z 0
 2
H 
  k y â x
 2 for z 0

Once again the result agreed with the one we
obtained by using Ampere’s circuit law and
Biot-Savart’s law

End of Lecture
Chapter 7

Magnetostatic Field

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Chapter 7

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 1

2. Find the field of a magnetic dipole and its behavior in a magnetic

3. Explain Ampère's circuital theorem and its relation to the Biot-Savart

4. Describe the effects due to magnetic materials and explain the

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 5

This is similar to Coulomb’s Law and Gauss’s Law

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 7

BS . states that the differential

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 8

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 9

Idl  âR K dS  âR Jdv  âR

Line current Surface current density Volume current density

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 11

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 13

 Therefore the H is a tengent to a circle with the

 If A is at (0,0,0) and B is at infinity (0,0, )

A loop is on the xy plane, z  0

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 16

Because of symmetry, the field has

r  xaˆ x  yaˆ y  zaˆ z

r '  x' aˆ x  y ' aˆ y

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 21

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 24

If l >> a. or 1  0 , 2  180 the solenoid is infinite

Magnetic Field Produced by a solenoid

In electrostatics, the electric field E and

Similarly, in magnetism the magnetic field B and its sources

Is called Ampere’s circuit Law - Maxwell’s

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 28

mple 1: B produced by Infinite straight line wire

Consider an infinitely long wire

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 29

Remember that the electric field by a line of charge

Consider an infinitely long conductor with a current I flowing along the

 H â  dâ  I enc I

H   2   I enc (a)

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 32

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 33

Consider an infinite current sheet in the z = 0 plane. If the sheet

Consider an infinitely long transmission line consisting of two concentric

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 36

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 37

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 38

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 40

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 41

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 43

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 44

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 45

J o is current density on the surface

Magnetic Field Produced by a coaxial cable

For  < a Ampere’s circuit law can be written as

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 47

For  > b The total current is zero, therefore

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 49

The field H due to a current source given as; .

Find current density on the plane xy, zx and yz.

This result shown that the current density on the

Magnetic flux density B can be related to

known as the Permeability of free space.

PHY3401- Chapter 7 – Magnetostatic Fields 52