BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION

FORMWORK

FACULTY:-
(1) AR. VIREN MAHIDA
(2) AR. NIRAV KHANDWALA

BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

 INTRODUCTION What is Formwork?
 Definition of Formwork:
CHARECTRISTICS

MATERIAL • When concrete is placed, it is in plastic state. It requires

to be supported by temporary supports and castings of
CATEGORIES desired shape till it becomes sufficiently strong to
support its own weight. This temporary casing is
CONST. DETAIL known as the formwork or forms or shuttering.  
General Introduction:
SLIP FORM
• Formwork plays a key role in concrete construction.
FAILURE OF FORMWORK • Forms are the moulds & dies of concrete construction.
• They mould the concrete to the desired size & shape &
SAFETY PREACAUTION control its alignment & position.
• Formwork also carries the weight of freshly placed
concrete and itself besides live load due to materials,
equipment and workmen 
 INTRODUCTION  Importance of Formwork:
CHARECTRISTICS
• In the Construction of any building concreting and reinforcement binding is the
main activity after that to hold them in their position Formwork is most important
MATERIAL • Formwork constitutes 20% of the standard cost and 60% of the time in concrete
construction.
• Thus a good formwork system helps in achieving speed, quality, economy and
CATEGORIES
safety in reinforced concrete construction 
CONST. DETAIL
 Requirement of Formwork:
SLIP FORM
• To obtain the required shape, size, finish, position and alignment of concrete
FAILURE OF FORMWORK members.
• To have enough load carrying, or transferring capacity to take pressure or weight
of fresh concrete and any other loads, without distortion, deflection, leakage, failure
SAFETY PREACAUTION or danger to workmen.
• To have design for quick erection and removal.
• To handle easily using available equipment or manpower.
• Joints between formwork must be tight enough to prevent leakage of grout.
 INTRODUCTION
A good formwork should satisfy the following
CHARECTRISTICS requirements:

MATERIAL
• (1) Easy removal (5) Rigidity
• (2) Economy (6) Smooth surface
CATEGORIES
• (3) less leakage (7) Strength
CONST. DETAIL • (4) Quality (8) Supports

SLIP FORM
(1) Easy removal: Construction of formwork should permit removal of various
FAILURE OF FORMWORK parts in desired sequences without damage to the concrete.
(2) Economy: Material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and
SAFETY PREACAUTION should be suitable for reuse
(3) less leakage: The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage
of cement grout.
(4) Quality: Material of the formwork should not wrapper get distorted when
exposed to the elements
 A good formwork should satisfy the following
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS
requirements:

MATERIAL
• (5) Rigidity :Rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both
horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape
CATEGORIES • sequences without damage to the concrete
• (6) Smooth surface : The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line
CONST. DETAIL and levels should have plane surface.
• (7) Strength : Strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads
SLIP FORM • (8) Supports : As light as possible and Should rest on firm base.

FAILURE OF FORMWORK

SAFETY PREACAUTION
 Material used in formwork
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS

MATERIAL
CATEGORIES
(4)Aluminum formwork
CONST. DETAIL (2)Wooden formwork

(1) Steel formwork (3)Plastic formwork

SLIP FORM

FAILURE OF FORMWORK

SAFETY PREACAUTION

(3)
(1)
(2) (4)
 (1)Ste el fo rmwork

INTRODUCTION
•This consist of panels fabricated out of thin
CHARECTRISTICS steel plates stiffened along the edges by small
steel angles.
MATERIAL
•The panel units can be held together through
CATEGORIES the use of suitable clamps or bolts and nuts.
CONST. DETAIL •The panels can be fabricated in large number
in any desired modular shape or size.
SLIP FORM
•Steel forms are largely used in large projects
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
or in situation where large number reuses of
the shuttering is possible.
SAFETY PREACAUTION
•This type of shuttering is considered most
suitable for circular or curved structures.
 Steel formwork
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS
Advantages Disadvantages
MATERIAL
CATEGORIES • It can be used for a no. of • Limited size or shape
times. • Excessive loss of heat
CONST. DETAIL
• It is non absorbent. • A very smooth surface
SLIP FORM
• Smooth finish surface will be produced
obtained. which would give
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
• No shrinkage of problems for finishing
SAFETY PREACAUTION formwork occurs. process
• Easy to use. • Limited fixing
• Its volume is less
• Its strength is more.
 INTRODUCTION
(2)Wooden formwork
CHARECTRISTICS Timber for formwork should satisfy the following
requirement:
MATERIAL It should be
•well seasoned
CATEGORIES •light in weight
•easily workable with nails without splitting
CONST. DETAIL •free from loose knots
Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should
have smooth and even surface on all faces which come in
SLIP FORM
contact with concrete.
FAILURE OF FORMWORK Sheeting for slabs, beam, column side and
25 mm to 40mm thick
beam bottom
SAFETY PREACAUTION
50 x 70 mm to 50 x 150
Joints, ledges
mm

75 x 100mm to 100 x 100

Posts
mm
 INTRODUCTION
(3)Plastic formwork
CHARECTRISTICS
• Glass reinforced plastics (GRP) and
MATERIAL vacuum formed plastics are used
when complicated concrete shapes
CATEGORIES are required (e.g. waffle floors).

CONST. DETAIL • Although vacuum formed plastics

will always need support, GRP can
SLIP FORM be fabricated with integral bearers
making it self supporting.
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
• Like steel, plastic formwork can be
SAFETY PREACAUTION re-used many times, as long as care
is taken not to scour the surface
whilst vibrating the concrete.
 INTRODUCTION
(4)Aluminum formwork
CHARECTRISTICS
• Often used in pre-fabricated formwork,
MATERIAL that is put together on site.
• Aluminium is strong and light, and
CATEGORIES consequently fewer supports and ties are
required.
CONST. DETAIL • The lighter sections will deflect more, but
this can be avoided by simply following the
manufacturers recommendations.
SLIP FORM
• Advantage
FAILURE OF FORMWORK 1. It can be used repeatedly with low average
use-cost.
SAFETY PREACAUTION 2. Construction is Convenient and Effective.
3. Saving on Construction Time.
4. Wide Application.
5. No construction Garbage on Site.
6. Flexibility.
7. Good stability, high bearing capacity.
 INTRODUCTION
Categories of formwork
CHARECTRISTICS
• Conventional:
The formwork is built on site out
MATERIAL of timber and plywood or moisture-
resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but
time-consuming for larger structures, and the
CATEGORIES plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It
is still used extensively where the labour costs
CONST. DETAIL
are lower than the costs for procuring reusable
formwork. It is also the most flexible type of
SLIP FORM formwork, so even where other systems are in
use, complicated sections may use it.
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
• Modern-Day Formworks:
This formwork systems are mostly modular, which
SAFETY PREACAUTION
are designed for speed and efficiency. They are
designed to provide increased accuracy and 1. Table form/flying form
minimize waste in construction and most have 2. System column formwork
enhanced health and safety features built-in. The 3. Horizontal panel
4. Slip form
main types of formwork systems in use now are:
5. Tunnel form
 INTRODUCTION
Categories of formwork
CHARECTRISTICS Engineered/Pre-fabricated Formworks:

MATERIAL • This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a metal frame (usually
steel or aluminium) and covered on the application (concrete) side with material
CATEGORIES having the wanted surface structure (steel, aluminium, timber, etc.). The two
major advantages of formwork systems, compared to traditional timber
CONST. DETAIL formwork, are speed of construction and lower life-cycle costs (barring major
force, the frame is almost indestructible, while the covering if made of wood;
may have to be replaced after a few – or a few dozen – uses, but if the covering
SLIP FORM
is made with steel or aluminium the form can achieve up to two thousand uses
depending on care and the applications).
FAILURE OF FORMWORK

SAFETY PREACAUTION
 INTRODUCTION
Categories
CHARECTRISTICS
(1)Formwork (3)Formwork for (5)Formwork for
MATERIAL for wall slab stair

CATEGORIES
CONST. DETAIL

SLIP FORM
(2)Formwork (4)Formwork for (6)Formwork for
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
for beams column arch
SAFETY PREACAUTION
 (1)Formwork for wall
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS • The formwork for wall consists of sheet , studs ,

wales , ties and braces.
MATERIAL • The sheets are supported by vertical studs and
horizontal wales.
• The ties are provided to maintain the distance
CATEGORIES between the sheets and to resist the bursting action
of concrete.
CONST. DETAIL • The small pieces of timber known as the spacers
may be used and they are to be removed as the
concrete reaches that level.
SLIP FORM • In addition , the wire ties and bolts may be also
provided.
FAILURE OF FORMWORK • The wires are placed at the horizontal distance of
about 600 mm and they are taken round the
wales.
SAFETY PREACAUTION
• When formwork is struck off , the ends of wire ties
are cut off and provided with rich quality of
cement mortar to avoid rusting.
• If bolts are used , they are to be provided with
grease or to be embodied in cardboard tubes so as
to make their removal easy after 2 days or 3 days
of pouring concrete.
 INTRODUCTION
Formwork for wall.
CHARECTRISTICS • The braces may be provided at the horizontal
distance of about 2 meters and they are supported
MATERIAL at ground level by stakes firmly driven into the
ground.
CATEGORIES • If the wall is high , the formwork is to be
supported on either side by guy wires instead of
CONST. DETAIL braces.
• Several patent devices have been found out to
keep the sheets in concert positing . they can be
SLIP FORM used in place of wire ties and bolts.
• The reinforcement , in any , is to be property
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
placed in position before laying of concrete starts.
• The various components of the formwork should
SAFETY PREACAUTION be properly designed.
• The formwork should be cleaned an washed with
water before laying concrete in it.
 (2)Formwork for beams
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS
•The ends of the battens are supported on the ledger which is fixed throughout the length.
• Cleats 10 cm x 2 cm to 3 fixed to cleats the side forms at the same spacing as that of
MATERIAL
battens, so that battens may be fixed to them
•. The beam form is supported on a head tree.
CATEGORIES • The shore or post is connected head tree through cleats.
•At the bottom of share, two wedges of hard wood are provided over a single piece.
CONST. DETAIL

SLIP FORM

FAILURE OF FORMWORK

SAFETY PREACAUTION
 (3)Formwork for slab
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS •The slab is continuous number of beams.

• The slab is supported on 2.5 cm thick sheathing laid parallel to main beams.
MATERIAL
• The sheathing is supported on wooden battens which are laid between the beams
at some suitable spacing.
CATEGORIES •order to reduce to the battens may be propped at the middle of the span through
joists
CONST. DETAIL •. The lateral forms of the beam consist of 3 cm thick sheathing.
• The bottom sheathing of the beam form may be 5 to 7 cm thick.
SLIP FORM

FAILURE OF FORMWORK

SAFETY PREACAUTION
 (4)Formwork for column
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS
The column formwork consists of A
MATERIAL box prepared from four separate
sides, the four sides of the box are
CATEGORIES held in position by wooden blocks,
bolts and yokes.
CONST. DETAIL

• It consists of the following

SLIP FORM
– Side & End Planks
FAILURE OF FORMWORK – Yoke
– Nut & Bolts
SAFETY PREACAUTION • Two end & two side planks are joined
by the yokes and bolts.
 FORMWORK FOR COLUMN
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS The important features of formwork for R.C.C.

Columns are :
MATERIAL  The formwork should be designed to resist
the high pressure resulting from the quick
CATEGORIES filling of the concrete.
 The spacing of yokes is about one meter. But
CONST. DETAIL it should be carefully determined by working
out the greatest length of the formwork
SLIP FORM which can safely resist the load coming on
the formwork.
FAILURE OF FORMWORK  Depending upon the shape of the column,
the box can be suitably prepared.
SAFETY PREACAUTION  A hole is generally provided at the bottom of
the formwork of column to remove the
debris which might have fallen before
concrete is placed. The hole is termed as the
cleanout hole or washout hole and it is filled
up before placing of the concrete starts.
 FORMWORK FOR COLUMN
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS
 A wash of water is given to the inside of
MATERIAL the formwork just before starting the
laying of concrete.
 The boxes should be designed in such a
CATEGORIES way that with little alteration, they can
be re-used for columns with smaller
CONST. DETAIL cross-sections on upper floors.
 The wooden yokes being efficient and
cheap are widely used. But they can be
SLIP FORM replaced by the metal clamps of
suitable design.
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
 The formwork for circular columns is
made of vertical boards. These are
SAFETY PREACAUTION known as the staves and they are
correctly shaped to the required
curvature. The staves in turn are fixed
to the York's which are also suitably
curved.
 (5)Form work for stairs
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS
•Points to consider when designing stair form work:
MATERIAL Stair formwork must support the weight of concretethe weight of the throat of the  stair and
 the steps will have to  be supported. 
Because of the slope of the stair, some of the force is transmitted sideways. All formwork mu
CATEGORIES st be well
tied together  to prevent sideway movement. 
CONST. DETAIL
Consider the finish of the stair treads and type of nosing.  Space may have to be left for purp
ose made nosing.   
SLIP FORM

FAILURE OF FORMWORK

SAFETY PREACAUTION
 (6)Form work for arch
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS

MATERIAL CENTERING FOR BIG ARCHES

In order to construct big arches, the centring will invariably be
required. The type and design of centring will depend mainly on the
CATEGORIES following factors:
CONST. DETAIL (1) Nature and type of arch ie, span, Liability to floods, etc.
(2) Foundation condition .
(3) Depth of water , liability to floods , etc in case of arch bridges
SLIP FORM
(4) Distance required between supports of centring for the passage of
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
traffic
(5) sizes and lengths of timber available; etc
SAFETY PREACAUTION
Types of centring as per material :
(1) Timber truss centring
(2) Steel truss centring
(3) Trestle centring
 Form work for arch
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS
Centring for timber truss:
MATERIAL In this type of arches, the appropriate shape
and design are used. This type of centring is
CATEGORIES very much useful in following circumstances:
(i) when an arch is provided in gorge or deep
CONST. DETAIL valley
(ii) when the support for centring is to rest in
SLIP FORM deep water
(iii) when the passage for traffic is required
FAILURE OF FORMWORK during the construction arch
The trusses are however expensive to frame
SAFETY PREACAUTION and there is little salvage worth The timber
likely to deform under the load.
 Form work for arch
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS
(2)Trestle centering:
MATERIAL The term trestle centering is used to mean that the arch is
supported by posts resting on the ground.
The best arrangement would be of vertical posts. But it is
CATEGORIES possible to arrange the centering in a variety of forms as
shown fig. shows the trestle centering in which the posts
CONST. DETAIL are vertical and they reach from the ground to the arch in a
single stage. This type is useful for the arches of low
bridges.
SLIP FORM (1) Trestle centring (tiers) (4) foundation of posts
(2) Vertical post centring (5) centre pier
FAILURE OF FORMWORK

SAFETY PREACAUTION
 Form work for arch
INTRODUCTION

CHARECTRISTICS
following are the factors favourable for
MATERIAL steel truss:
i) When is it impossible to use a
three-dimensional type of
CATEGORIES centering, the steel trusses are used.
CONST. DETAIL ii) when the depth of water is more,
this type of centering is preferred to
other types
SLIP FORM
iii) Arches are to be constructed in
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
rivers subjected to frequent heavy it
is the steel trusses will offer less
resistance to the floods found that
SAFETY PREACAUTION
foods than other types of centering.
 INTRODUCTION Time of Removal of formwork
CHARECTRISTICS • Time of formwork removal depends on the following factors
1. Type of Cement :Rapid hardening cements require lesser time as compared to OPC
CATEGORIES (Ordinary Portland Cement)
2. Ratio of concrete mix :Rich ratio concrete gain strength earlier as compared to weak ratio
concrete.
MATERIAL 3. Weather condition :Hydration process accelerates in hot weather conditions as compared to
cold and humid weather conditions.
CONST. DETAIL Sr. OPC Rapid Hardening
No Structural Member (Ordinary Portland Cement) Cement

REMOVAL TIME 1 Beam sides, walls & Columns 2-3 Days 2 Days
2 Slab (Vertical Supports remains intact) 4 Days 3 Days

FAILURE of FORMWORK 3 Slab (Complete Formwork removal) 10 Days 5 Days

4 Beams (Removal of Sheeting, Props 8 Days 5 Days

remains intact)
SAFETY PREACAUTION
5 Beams & Arches (Complete formwork 14 Days 5-8 Days
removal) (up to 6 m span)
6 Beams & Arches (Complete formwork 21 Days 8-10 Days
removal) (more than 6 m span)
 INTRODUCTION
Slip form
CHARECTRISTICS • Slip form construction, or
continuously formed
MATERIAL construction, is a
construction method in
CATEGORIES which concrete is poured
into a continuously moving
CONST. DETAIL form.
• Basically, this method
involves the continuous
SLIP FORM placing of concrete in a
shallow mould having the
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
same plan as the building to
be constructed. This rigid
SAFETY PREACAUTION mould, or "slip-form" as it is
called, forms the working
deck which is jacked slowly •Method of vertically extruding a reinforced
upwards at a controlled rate concrete section and is suitable for construction of
until the required elevation core walls in high-rise structures – lift shafts, stair
is reached. shafts, towers.
 INTRODUCTION
Slip form
CHARECTRISTICS • Assembly can only start once the
foundations are in place and the
MATERIAL wall starter is in correct
alignment.
• Slip form shuttering is aligned
CATEGORIES
with the help of yokes.
• Horizontal crossbeams connect
CONST. DETAIL these yokes.
• Hydraulic jacks are attached to
these crossbeams for simultaneous
SLIP FORM upward movement.
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
• Height of the slip form ranges
from 1.1 to 1.5 meters.
• Yokes and crossbeams also used to
SAFETY PREACAUTION support the working platform.
• Structure should be rigid and
• shape sure
Make maintained
there isatnoalllag
times.
or else it prevents the structure from free upward movement
• It is also possible to reduce wall thicknesses
• as the construction gains height and arrangements have to be made in the slip form
structure that will enable such reduction at regular intervals.
 INTRODUCTION
Advantages of slip form
CHARECTRISTICS
•A major cost of concrete structure
MATERIAL construction is the required formwork to retain
the concrete till it can be safely de-shuttered
and be able to support itself and other imposed
CATEGORIES loads.
•The formwork needs to be continually
CONST. DETAIL removed to newer locations and then re-
erected.
•Continuous use of manpower and lifting
SLIP FORM equipment like cranes.
• In the case of slip form building, the
FAILURE OF FORMWORK
formwork is erected only once and remains
intact until the entire structure is completed.
SAFETY PREACAUTION •Great reduction in the cost of formwork as
well as time saving for re-erection.
•Cost effective
•The reduction in the movement of formwork
and workers also leads to far more safe
working conditions that also make it a major
advantage.
 INTRODUCTION
Applications of slip-form construction
CHARECTRISTICS
• Slip-form construction is used for tall structures, such
MATERIAL as towers, buildings, and dams, as well as horizontal
structures, such as roadway barriers. It enables
continuous, non-interrupted, cast-in-place joint-less
CATEGORIES
concrete structures which have superior performance
characteristics over construction methods using discrete
CONST. DETAIL form elements. Slip forming relies on the quick setting
properties of concrete, and requires a balance between Capital Gate Tower,
quick-setting capacity and workability. Abu Dhabi
SLIP FORM
FAILURE OF FORMWORK

SAFETY PREACAUTION

King Abdul-Aziz Airport Inn Canal, Germany

 INTRODUCTION
Failure of formwork

CHARECTRISTICS Formwork failures are the cause of many accidents and

failures that occur during concrete construction which
usually happen when fresh concrete is placed
MATERIAL Generally some unexpected event causes one member to
fail, then others become overloaded or misaligned and the
CATEGORIES entire formwork structure collapses
Improper stripping and shore removal
Inadequate bracing
CONST. DETAIL Vibration
Unstable soil under mudsills, shoring not plumb
SLIP FORM Inadequate control of concrete placement
Lack of attention to formwork details
FAILURE OF FORMWORK Inadequate cross bracing and horizontal bracing of
shores
Forms sometime collapse when their shores/ jack are
SAFETY PREACAUTION
displaced by the vibration caused by:
 passing traffic
 movement of workers & equipment on the formwork
 the effect of vibrating concrete to consolidate it.
 INTRODUCTION
Safety precaution

CHARECTRISTICS

MATERIAL • Material used for the construction of formwork must fulfill

the specification.
CATEGORIES • Formwork is fixed firmly & properly
• Construction area must be protected to prevent vandalism
CONST. DETAIL
of formwork.
• Warning sign must be put up at the area where the
SLIP FORM formwork is fixed to prevent entrance of people that may
FAILURE OF FORMWORK damage the formwork.
• The formwork must be inspected before the concrete is
SAFETY PREACAUTION poured.
 THANK YOU 
PREPARE BY-
NAME NUMBER
ABHISHEK AJUDIYA 1
ESHA DESAI 15
MEET DESAI 16
ANJALI DIVETIYA 21
MAHEK GANDHI 23
PURVI GOLECHA 27
PARISHI JARIWALA 34
PARTH MAKWANA 39
VISHNU MEHTA 40