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Physics

Arian Salem
project title: Resonance in Physics
What is Resonance?

• Resonance occurs when a material oscillates at a high amplitude at a specific frequency. We call
this frequency resonant frequency.

1. The dictionary defines resonance as,


“the state of a system in which an abnormally large vibration is produced in response to an external
stimulus, occurring when the frequency of the stimulus is the same, or nearly the same, as the natural
vibration frequency of the system.”

2. Physics defines Resonance as,


“A phenomenon in which an external force or a vibrating system forces another system around it to
vibrate with greater amplitude at a specified frequency of operation.”
Some examples of Resonance

1.
Musical Instruments:
Whenever any person hits, strikes, strums, drums or tweaks any musical
instrument, the instrument is set into oscillation or vibration at the natural
frequency of vibration of the instrument. A unique standing wave pattern
defines each frequency of vibration as a specific instrument.

These natural frequencies of a musical instrument are known widely as


the harmonics of the specified instrument. If a second interconnected
object or instrument vibrates or oscillates at that specified frequency then
the first object can be forced to vibrate at a frequency higher than its
natural harmonic frequency. This phenomenon is known as resonance.
2. Swings

If a series of regular pushes are given


to the swing, its motion can be built.
The person pushing the swing has to
sync with the timing of the swing. This
results in the motion of the swing to
have increased amplitude so as to reach
higher.
Once when the swing reaches its
natural frequency of oscillation, a gentle
push to the swing helps to maintain its
amplitude due to resonance. But, if the
push given is irregular, the swing will
hardly vibrate, and this out-of-sync
motion will never lead to resonance,
and the swing will not go higher.
3. Bridge

Group of soldiers marching on


the bridge are asked to break
their steps very often because
their rhythmic marching can
set extreme vibrations at the
bridge’s natural frequency.
The bridge can break apart if
the synchronized footsteps
resonate with the natural
frequency of the bridge. One of
the examples of the above is
the Tacoma Bridge Collapse,
where the frequency of the air
matched with the frequency of
the bridge leading to its
destruction.
How to calculate Resonance Frequency?

A resonant frequency usually denoted as f with a subscript zero (f0). Resonance


is witnessed in objects that is in equilibrium with acting forces and could keep
vibrating for a long time under perfect conditions.

v=λf
Where,
• v is the wave velocity
• λ is the distance of the wavelength
Different types of Resonance

1.Mechanical Resonance:

Mechanical resonance can be defined as the tendency of a mechanical system


to respond at greater amplitude when the frequency of its oscillations matches
the system’s natural frequency of vibration than it does at other frequencies.
The resonant frequency of a spring is calculated using the given formula:

Where,
• m is the mass of the spring
• k is the spring constant
2. Acoustic Resonance

Acoustic resonance is a phenomenon in which an acoustic system


amplifies sound waves whose frequency matches one of its own
natural frequencies of vibration. Acoustic resonance is an
important consideration for instrument builders as most acoustic
instruments such as the length of tube in a flute, the strings and
body of a violin and the shape of a drum membrane use
resonators. Acoustic resonance is also important for hearing.
3. Electrical Resonance

In a circuit when the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are
equal in magnitude electrical resonance occurs. The resonant frequency in an
LC circuit is given by the formula:

where:
ω = 2π ƒ
ƒ : Resonance frequency in Hertz
L : The inductance in Henries
C : Capacitance in Farads
Types of Resonance effect

2. Negative Resonance effect:


1. Positive Resonance effect:
In negative resonance, the transfer of
In positive resonance, the transfer of
electrons is away from an atom or electrons is towards the atom or
substituent group attached to the substituent group attached to the
conjugated system ( conjugated systems conjugated system.
contain alternate σ and π bonds ).
Resonance Graph
Thanks for Watching

for further more you can visit:

https://youtu.be/ATRzwhk7UvY

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