Overview of Thermal Power

Plant & brief discussion of it’s

components

Presented by :
Sandipan Laha (12016002006021)
Sayan Hazra(12016002006010)
 Contents
• Introduction
• Overview of thermal power plant
• Mechanical Operations
1. Coal handling plant
2. Water treatment plant
3. Water de-mineralization plant
4. Boiler system
5. Ash handling plant
6. ESP
7. Steam Turbine
8. Condenser
9. Cooling Tower
10. Feed Pump
11. Chimney

• Electrical operations
 Introduction
In a thermal power generating unit, combustion Of
fossil fuel(Coal, oil, natural gas) in boiler or fissile
element(Uranium, Thorium) in nuclear reactor
generates heat energy. This heat energy generates
steam at high pressure and Temperature. This steam is
utilized to generate mechanical energy in a turbine.
This mechanical energy converted into electrical
energy with the help of alternator coupled with
turbine. TPP runs on Rankine reheat regenerative cycle
and this mechanical energy transform into electrical
energy based on Faraday’s Law of electrical Induction.
And the O/p is 3-phase AC.
 Overview of Thermal Power Plant
A Thermal power plant continuously converts the energy stored
in fossil fuels into shaft work and ultimately into electricity.
The working Fluid is water which is sometimes in liquid form
and sometime in vapor form during the cycle. Energy released
by the burning of fuel is transferred to water in the boiler to
generate steam at high pressure and temperature, which then
expands in the turbine to a low pressure to produce support.
The steam leaving the turbine is condensed into water in the
condenser, where cooling water carrying away the heat
released during condensation. The water is then fed back to
the boiler by pump.
Block Diagram of a coal based TPP
 Rankine cycle
• The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic
cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into
mechanical work undergoing phase change. The
heat is supplied to a closed loop, which usually
uses water as working fluid. The efficiency of
Rankine cycle is limited by high heat vaporization
of the working fluid. The working fluid of Rankine
cycle follows a closed loop and is reused
constantly. The water vapour with condensed
droplets often seen billowing from power station.
Rankine cycle is represented by T/S diagram.
 Mechanical operations
• Coal Handling Plant-
– Coal Handling plant is to transfer and crushing of coal,
that is used for burning. Most of the thermal power
plant use low grade bituminous coal. The conveyor belt
system transfer the coal to coal storage area to crusher
house, where it is broken down into standard size In the
journey to the crusher house, the coal is separated from
the magnetic substance and the stone picker separate
the stone. From there it is traveled to power house then
it travels to coal bunker. Then the coal is taken to
pulverizer by a feeder belt.
 Working of Pulverizer
• A pulverizer or grinder is a mechanical device
for the grinding of many different types of
materials. For example, a pulverizer mill is
used to pulverize coal for combustion in the
steam-generating furnaces of fossil fuel power
plants.
• Pulverizing the coal to a fine powder is an
important function in the operation of a
power plant.
 Water treatment plant
• The river water generally termed as raw water
contains soluble and insoluble organic and inorganic
matters, which are harmful for the system must be
completely separated for suitable water. The
process involved in water treatment plant are
1. Aeration- Raw water is spread over cascade aerator in
many step to separate the dissolved undesirable gases.
2. Coagulation- Coagulants destabilized suspended solids
and agglomerates into heavier floc through
sedimentation. Chemical used for coagulation are alum
and PAC.
 Filtration- After coagulation filter removes coarse
suspended matter and sludge with the help of
Anthracite and sand bed.
Chlorination- To remove organic compound chlorine
water is used. Chlorine water or sodium hypochloride
is used as oxidative biocides to reduce this organic
material.
Cascade Aerator Clariflocculator
 DM plant
• In demineralize plant water is passed through
Pressure Sand Filter(PSF) to reduce turbidity
and then through Activator Charcoal
Filter(ACF) to absorb residual chlorine and
Iron.
Block diagram of WTP
 Boiler
• In boiler steam is generated form DM water by addition of heat.
The heat raises the temp. and pressure and converts it into
steam. The steam, thus formed is dry and saturated, further
addition of heat raises the temperature and pressure called
superheated steam.
• Important parts of Boiler-
1. Economizer
2. Drum
3. Super heater
4. Re-heater
5. De-super heater
6. Drain & vent
• Economizer- Feed water enters into the boiler through economizer.
It’s function is to recover residual heat of flue gas before leaving
boiler to preheat feed water.
• Drum- Boiler drum is located outside the furnace region. This stores
certain amount of water and separates steam from steam water
mixture. A certain water level is always maintain as to prevent
formation of vortex .
• Super-heater- These are meant for elevating the steam temperature
above the saturation temp. to extract max work from enthalpy of
steam.
• Re-heater- To improve the cycle efficiency HP turbine exhaust steam
is taken back to the boiler to increase temp by reheating process.
• De-super heater- To maintain requisite steam temp., it is necessary
to use de-super heater to control steam temperature.
• Drains and vents- Drain facilitates the draining or hot blow down of
boiler, while vents ensure blowing out of air from boiler during
initial lighting up as well as de-pressurizing of boiler.
 Electro Static Precipitator
• The principal components of an ESP are 2 set of
electrodes insulated from each other. 1st set of rows
are elctrically grounded vertical plates called
collecting electrodes while 2nd set consists of wires
call discharge electrodes. The negatively charged fly
ash particles are driven towards collecting plates
and the +ve ion travel to the –ve charged wire
electrodes. Collected particulate matter is removed
from the collecting plates by a mechanical hammer
scrapping system.
 Steam Turbine
• Turbine is a spinning wheel that gets it’s energy
from gas or liquid moving past it. A steam
turbine is a prime mover which continuously
converts the energy of high pressure and high
temp. steam into shaft work.
• It is divided into 3 parts-
1. HP turbine
2. LP turbine
3. IP turbine
 Cooling system
• Condenser- the purpose of a surface condenser
is to condense the exhaust steam from turbine
to obtain max. efficiency to reuse in the boiler.
1. Condenser extraction pump- To extract the
condensate water from condenser and pump it
through condensate polishing system and the LP
heaters to the de-aerator feed water tank.
2. Hot well- It is sump below the condenser which
has the ability store some water within it.
 Cooling Tower
• A cooling tower is a heat rejecting device that
rejects heat into the atmosphere. Cooling
towers may use the evaporation of water to
remove process heat and cool the working
fluid.
• It has 2 types-
– Natural draft
– Forced draft or Mechanical draft
• Natural draft Cooling tower- Utilizing
buoyancy via tall chimney. Warm air naturally
rises due to density differential as compared
to dry air. The moist air buoyancy produce a
upward current of air through the tower.
• Forced draft cooling tower- A mechanical
tower with blower type fan at the intake. The
fan forces air into the tower creating high
entering and low exiting air velocities.
 Feed pump
• A boiler feedwater pump is a specific type of 
pump used to pump feedwater into a 
steam boiler. The water may be freshly supplied
or returning condensate produced as a result of
the condensation of the steam produced by the
boiler. These pumps are normally high pressure
units that take suction from a condensate return
system and can be of the centrifugal pump type
or positive displacement type.
 Chimney
• A chimney may be considered as a cylindrical
hollow tower made of bricks or steel.
Chimneys are used to release the exhaust
gases coming from the furnace of the boiler to
the atmosphere.
Thank you