Chapter 5

AM, FM, and Digital Modulated Systems

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

 Double Sideband Suppressed carrier (DSSC)
 Assymetric Sideband Signals
 Single sideband signals (SSB)
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng 360 1
 Bandpass Signaling Review
 The modulated bandpass signal can be described by

s (t )  Re{g (t )e j C t } Where  c  2f c ; f c - Carier Frequency

Modulation Mapping function: Convert m(t) →g(t) Ref : Table 4-1

 The voltage spectrum of the bandpass signal is V( f ) 

1
2

G f  f c   G *   f  f c  

The PSD of the bandpass signal is Pv ( f ) 

1
4

Pg  f  f c   Pg   f  f c  

Where G  f   F  g  t   ; Pg  f  - PSD of the complex envelope g(t);

Eeng 360 2
 Amplitude Modulation
 The Complex Envelope of an AM signal is given by

g (t )  Ac [1  m(t )]

Ac indicates the power level of AM and m(t) is the Modulating Signal

 Representation of an AM signal is given by

s (t )  Ac [1  m(t )]cos  ct

 Ac[1+m(t)] In-phase component x(t)

 If m(t) has a peak positive values of +1 and a peak negative value of -1

AM signal  100% modulated

 Envelope detection can be used if % modulation is less than 100%.

Eeng 360 3
 Amplitude Modulation

An Example of a message signal m(t)

Waveform for Amplitude modulation of the message signal m(t) Eeng 360 4
 Amplitude Modulation

An Example of message energy spectral density.

Carrier component together

with the message 2B

Energy spectrum of the AM modulated message signal.

Eeng 360 5
 AM – Percentage Modulation
 Definition: The percentage of positive modulation on an AM signal is

Amax  Ac
% Positive Modulation  100  max  m(t )  100
Ac

 The percentage of negative modulation on an AM signal is

Ac  Amin
100   min  m(t )  100
Ac

 The percentage of overall modulation is

Amax  Amin max  m(t )   min  m(t ) 

% Modulation  100  100
2 Ac 2
Amax - Maximum value of Ac [1  m(t )]
Amin - Minimum value of Ac [1  m(t )]
Ac - Level of AM envelope in the absence of modulation [i.e., m(t)  0]

If m(t) has a peak positive values of +1 and a peak negative value of -1

AM signal  100% modulated

Eeng 360 6
 AM Signal Waveform

% Positive modulation= 50%

Amax = 1.5Ac % Negative modulation =50%
Overall Modulation = 50%
Amin = 0.5 Ac
Eeng 360 7
 AM – Percentage Modulation

Under modulated (<100%) 100% modulated Over Modulated (>100%)

Envelope Detector Envelope Detector

Can be used Gives Distorted signal

Eeng 360 8
 AM – Normalized Average Power

The normalized average power of the AM signal is

1 1
s2 t  g  t   Ac2 1  m t  
2 2

2 2
1
 
 Ac2 1  2m t   m 2  t 
2
1 1
 Ac2  Ac2 m t   Ac2 m 2  t 
2 2

If the modulation contains no dc level, then m t   0

The normalized power of the AM signal is

1 2 1 2 2
s2 t  Ac  Ac m  t 
2 2

Discrete Carrier Power Sideband power

Eeng 360 9
 AM – Modulation Efficiency
 Definition : The Modulation Efficiency is the percentage of the total power
of the modulated signal that conveys information.

Only “Sideband Components” – Convey information

Modulation Efficiency:
m2  t 
E 100
1 m  t 
2

Highest efficiency for a 100% AM signal : 50% - square wave modulation

Normalized Peak Envelope Power (PEP) of the AM signal:

Ac2
PPEP  1  max  m t   2
2
Voltage Spectrum of the AM signal:
Ac
S( f )    f  f c   M  f  f c     f  f c   M  f  f c  
2
Unmodulated Carrier Translated Message Signal
Spectral Component Eeng 360 10
 Example 5-1. Power of an AM signal
Suppose that a 5000-W AM transmitter is connected to a 50 ohm load;

1 Ac2 Without
Then the constant Ac is given by  5,000  Ac  707 V
2 50 Modulation

If the transmitter is then 100% modulated by a 1000-Hz test tone ,

the total (carrier + sideband) average power will be

 1  Ac2   2 1 
1.5    1.5   5000   7,500W  m  t   2 for 100% modulation
2 50   
  

The peak voltage (100% modulation) is (2)(707) = 1414 V across the 50 ohm load.

 1  Ac2 
The peak envelope power (PEP) is 4     4    5000  20,000W
2
  50 

The modulation efficiency would be 33% since < m2(t) >=1/2

Eeng 360 11
 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)

1 2 1 2 2
 Power in a AM signal is given by s2 t  Ac  Ac m  t 
2 2
Carrier Power Sideband power

 DSBSC is obtained by eliminating carrier component

If m(t) is assumed to have a zero DC level, then s (t )  Ac m(t ) cos  c t
Ac
Spectrum  S ( f )   M  f  fc   M  f  fc  
2
1 2 2
Power  s t 
2
Ac m  t 
2
m2  t 
Modulation Efficiency  E 2  100  100%
m t
Disadvantages of DSBSC:
• Less information about the carrier will be delivered to the receiver.
• Needs a coherent carrier detector at receiver
Eeng 360 12
 DSBSC Modulation

s (t )  Ac m(t ) cos  c t
B

An Example of message energy spectral density.

No Extra Carrier 2B
component

Energy spectrum of the DSBSC modulated message signal.

Eeng 360 13
 Carrier Recovery for DSBSC Demodulation
 Coherent reference for product detection of DSBSC can not be obtained by the
use of ordinary PLL because there are no spectral line components at fc.

Eeng 360 14
 Carrier Recovery for DSBSC Demodulation
 A squaring loop can also be used to obtain coherent reference carrier for product
detection of DSBSC. A frequency divider is needed to bring the double carrier
frequency to fc.

Eeng 360 15
 Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation
 An upper single sideband (USSB) signal has a zero-valued spectrum for f  fc

 A lower single sideband (LSSB) signal has a zero-valued spectrum for f  fc

 SSB-AM – popular method ~ BW is same as that of the modulating signal.

Note: Normally SSB refers to SSB-AM type of signal

USSB LSSB

Eeng 360 16
 Single Sideband Signal
 Theorem : A SSB signal has Complex Envelope and bandpass form as:

g  t   Ac  m t   jmˆ  t  

Upper sign (-)  USSB

s t   Ac  m t  cos c t  mˆ (t ) sin c t  Lower sign (+)  LSSB

1
mˆ (t ) – Hilbert transform of m(t)  mˆ  t   m t   h  t  Where h t  
t

H  f    h t    j ,
H f   
and
f 0
 j, f 0
Hilbert Transform corresponds to a -900 phase shift
H(f)

f
-j

Eeng 360 17
 Single Sideband Signal
Proof: Fourier transform of the complex envelope

   
Upper sign  USSB
G  f   Ac M  f   j   mˆ  t    Ac M  f   jMˆ ( f ) Lower sign  LSSB

Using mˆ  t   m t   h t   G  f   Ac M  f  1  jH  f  

2 Ac M  f  , f  0
G f    
0, f  0
1
Recall from Chapter 4 V( f )   G ( f  f c )  G * [( f  f c )]
2

M  f  f c  , f  f c  0, f   fc 
S  f   Ac    Ac  Upper sign  USSB
0, f  f c  M  f  f c  , f   f c 

If lower signs were used  LSSB signal would have been obtained

Eeng 360 18
 Single Sideband Signal

2 Ac M  f  , f  0
G f    
0, f  0

 M  f  f c  , f  f c 
S  f   Ac  
0, f  f c 
0, f   f c 
Ac  
 M f  f c , f   f c


Eeng 360 19
 SSB - Power
The normalized average power of the SSB signal
1 1
s2 t  g (t )  Ac2 m 2  t    mˆ  t  
2 2

2 2
Hilbert transform does not change
mˆ  t   m 2  t 
2
power.

SSB signal power is: s 2  t   Ac2 m 2  t 

Power gain factor Power of the modulating signal

The normalized peak envelope (PEP) power is:

1 1 2 2
max g (t )  Ac m  t    mˆ  t  
2 2

2 2

Eeng 360 20
 Generation of SSB
SSB signals have both AM and PM.

The complex envelope of SSB: g  t   Ac  m t   jmˆ  t  

For the AM component, R t   g  t   Ac m 2  t    mˆ  t  

2

  mˆ  t  
For the PM component,   t   g  t   tan  1

 m t  

Advantages of SSB

• Superior detected signal-to-noise ratio compared to that of AM

• SSB has one-half the bandwidth of AM or DSB-SC signals

Eeng 360 21
 Generation of SSB
 SSB Can be generated using two techniques
1. Phasing method
2. Filter Method
 Phasing method g  t   Ac  m t   jmˆ  t  
This method is a special modulation type of IQ canonical form
of Generalized transmitters discussed in Chapter 4 ( Fig 4.28)

Eeng 360 22
 Generation of SSB
 Filter Method
The filtering method is a special case in which RF processing (with a
sideband filter) is used to form the equivalent g(t), instead of using
baseband processing to generate g(m) directly. The filter method is the
most popular method because excellent sideband suppression can be
obtained when a crystal oscillator is used for the sideband filter.
Crystal filters are relatively inexpensive when produced in quantity at
standard IF frequencies.

Eeng 360 23
Weaver’s Method for Generating SSB.

Eeng 360 24
Generation of VSB

Eeng 360 25
Frequency Divison Multiplexing

Eeng 360 26