Dr. Padma B.

Shahi

Introduction
to
Transportation Engineering

Prof. Dr. Padma Bahadur Shahi

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 •What is Transportation?
Dr. Padma B. Shahi

•What is to transport?
•Why we need to transport?
•Where to Transport?
•How to Transport?
•How much it cost?
•Is it safe?
•Is it fast?
•Is it convenient?
•Does it has negative consequences?
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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

• What are the issues in

Transportation?

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The Sisyphus Analogy in Transportation

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Representation of distance

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 Spatial consideration of
Dr. Padma B. Shahi

movement

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Transportation
A B

Movement of persons
and goods over space

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Transportation

Control System
Users / Engineering
Content

Education
Infrastructure Enforcement
Vehicle / Service

Environment 8
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Users / Content
• People  Passenger Transportation
• Goods  Freight Transportation
Share of total passengers or

Commuting
Shopping
Recreation
tons-km

Freight
Trade
Waste disposal Energy & Raw Materials
Local distribution

Business
Tourism
Migration
Passengers
Distance 9
Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Operational difference between passenger &

freight transport
Passengers Freight

Board, get off and transfer without Must be loaded, unloaded and
assistance transferred

Process information and act on it The information must be processed

without assistance through logistics managers

Meet choices between means of Logistics managers meet choices

transport without assistance but between means of transport
often irrationally rationally

Require travel accommodations Require limited travel

related to comfort and safety accommodations
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 Flow of globalization
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Telecommunica
  Trade Migration
tions
Flows of physical Flows of
Nature Flows of information
goods people
Permanent,
temporary
Raw materials,
(migrant Communication,
energy, food, parts
Types workers), power exchanges,
and consumption
tourism, symbolic exchanges
goods
business
transactions
Transport Transport modes and
Transport modes
modes and terminals (postal),
Medium and terminals
terminals telecommunication
(freight)
(passengers) systems
Main
Ports Airports Global cities
Gateways
Speed Low to average Slow to fast Instantaneous
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Capacity Very large Large Almost unlimited
Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Vehicles / Services

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Infrastructure

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Control System

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Evolution of Transportation
Hydrogen

2000
car
Maglev
Container Electric
ships car Jumbo Jet
Super TGV
tankers Jet Plane
1950 Airfoils
Highways Jet engine
Helicopters
Buses
Bulk ships Trucks Planes
1900

Liners Automobile Tramway

Internal combustion engine
Metro
Bicycles Dirigibles
Iron
hulls Balloons
Electric motor
1800

Steam engine
Docks Omnibus Rails
Locks 15
Maritime Road Rail Air
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Omnibus

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Electric car

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Hydrogen car

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Railway

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Bullet train

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Maglev

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Dirigibles

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Jumbo Jet

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Ship Liner

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Evolution of Transportation

1500-1840 Average speed of wagon and sail

ships: 16 km/hr

1850-1930 Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr.

Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr

1950 Average speed of airplanes: 480-640 km/hr

1970 Average speed of jet planes: 800-1120 km/hr

1990 Numeric transmission: instantaneous

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 Evolution of Transportation
1000
Jet Plane
Road
Rail
750
Maritime
Air
500
HST
Propeller Plane
250

Automobile
100
Rail
50 Stage Coach
Liner
Clipper Ship Containership

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1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Clipper ship

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Stage coach

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Transportation

• Multi-User
• Multi-Scale
• Multi-Modal
• Multi-Impacts

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

What is
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
?
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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Transportation Engineering

• One of the specialty areas of civil

engineering
– Development of facilities for the movement of
goods and people
– Planning, design, operation and maintenance
• Multidisciplinary study

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Transportation Engineering

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Definition (ITE)
• Application of technology and scientific
principles to the planning, functional
design, operation and management of
facilities of any modes of transportation in
order to provide the safe, rapid,
comfortable, convenient, economical and
environmentally compatible movement of
people and goods

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Importance
• Multidimensional importance for any country.
• Economic status depends upon how well served
the country is by different modes of transport
• All human beings are interacting over distance
and time for food, shelter, work, business,
recreation, and security. All agricultural and
industrial raw materials, products, equipments
are needed to be transported from one place to
another.

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Modes of transport
• Railways
– Surface
– Underground
– Elevated
• Road transport
• Air transport
• Water transport
• Ropeways
• Pipelines
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 Characteristics of road
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transport
• Low capital investment
• Flexible service
• More freedom to users while traveling
• Ability to accommodate various types of
vehicle at a time
• Quick and assured door to door service
• Faster and cheaper service particularly for
short distance travel
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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Scope of highway engineering

• Planning and location
• Alignment selection and geometric design
• Pavement design (about 40% total project
cost)
• Materials, construction and maintenance
• Traffic operation and its control
• Economics, finance and administration
• Environmental and social impacts
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 Road infrastructure
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development process
• Major road development projects involve
various steps involving the client,
consultant and contractor

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Process of Developing facilities

• Planning
• Preliminary design
• Detail design
Cyclic Process
• Construction
• Operation
• Planning…

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Step 1
• Preparation of various report, establishing
the prioritization, economic and financial
viability, environmental and social impact
assessment, preparation of bid
(national/international) document for
contracting.
– “Notice inviting EOI - short listing-invitation of RFP -
submission of proposal - evaluation of proposal -
negotiation – award- QAP - inception report -
feasibility report – PPR - DPR - ICB document”
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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Step 2
• Once the bid document is ready. A
contractor is procured to carry out the
execution of the project and also a
supervision consultant is appointed to
supervise the contractor’s job

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Step 3
• In case of BOT /annuity projects, another
consultant known as “independent
consultant” is appointed to supervise the
entire work of study, design, economic
and financial viability and final terms of
BOT.

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Assignment 1
• Write down sequences of activities done in
the “step 1” for the development of a
highway project in detail. The assignment
requires the power-point presentation in
the class.

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Elements of concern

System of Travel
facilities Demand

Influencing
Measuring demand
performance

Transportation
Systems
management 45
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System of facilities
• Includes roadways, parking areas and
terminals for transferring passengers and
storing vehicles
• Control devices: sign, signals & markings

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Travel demand
• Generated by activity: people going to
places of working, shopping, recreation
and other purposes
• Spatial and temporal distribution of
demand
• Mode selection
• Process of estimating: complicated
process
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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Influencing the demand

capacity

Demand

Time

Methods to influence the demand

•Shift the temporal distribution of the demand
•Reduce the magnitude of the demand
•Repackage the demand
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 Shifting the temporal
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distribution of the demand

• Fundamental problem is not “to much
demand” but rather “to much demand at
same time”
• Staggered work hour
• Variable work hours

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 Reduce the magnitude of
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demand
• Shorter work weeks
• Shorter average trip length
• More work at home

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Repackage the demand

• Higher car occupancies or Shift transit and
para-transit
• Programs and rules to encourage
carpooling, express bus, park and ride,
priority to high occupancy vehicles
• Restriction to parking opportunities
introduce congestion pricing

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Measuring performance
• It is essential to know: How well a system
or facility is working?
– Assessing the existing condition
– Evaluating alternative improvements
– Quantifying associated costs and benefits
– Communicating the results to both technical as
well as non technical audiences
• Facilities assessed generally by “Level of
Service”
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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Level of service
• Raging from ‘A’ for excellent to ‘F’ for very
poor operation
• Quantitative measure are
– Volume or flow rate
– Speed or delays
– Trip time (travel time)
– Volume to capacity ration
– Other measure: vehicle occupancy. Queue
length, number of stops etc.
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 Transportation Systems
Dr. Padma B. Shahi

management
• Application of methods and procedure for
increasing the efficiency and utilization of
existing facilities
• Better use of existing resources rather than
the planning on major new construction
• Objective: shifting the high capital
approaches to low cost-cost, more rapidly
implementable projects

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

TSM
• Exclusive bus lane
• High occupancy lanes
• Transit ways (transit only streets)
• Transit management improvements
• Innovative transit subsidies
The TSM concept represents a fundamental
shift in emphasis from a “build more” to
“use it better” orientation
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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Components of traffic system

• Road user: human elements (pedestrians,
bicyclist, drivers, passengers etc.)
– Perception reaction time
– Visual acuity, psychological,
• Vehicles
• Roadways
• Control devices

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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

Transportation system issues

• Traffic congestion (overcrowding of auto)
• Traffic safety
• Equity of access: (poor, elderly and disabled people)
• Environmental protection (air quality, energy
consumption, land use)
– Site specific impact
– System level impact (50% of all consumed energy is for
transportation)
• New technology: (ITS)
• Funding: (infrastructure & transport service) : private,
public, PPP etc.
• Institutional arrangement
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Dr. Padma B. Shahi

• Funding mechanism for transport sector in

Nepal

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