Lecture 29 - Reinforced Columns

April 1, 2002
CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals

• Columns
– Long Column Design
 Columns
Klu
Slenderness ratio =
r
• Long with a relatively high slenderness ratio
where lateral or shear walls are required
• Long with a medium slenderness ration that will
cause a reduction in strength
• Short where the slenderness ratio is small
 “Long” Columns
Slender Columns

Slender = Column with a significant reduction in

Column axial load capacity due to moments
resulting from lateral deflections of the
column (ACI Code: significant
reduction  5%)
 “Long” Columns
Less than 10 % of columns in “braced” or “non-sway”
frames and less than half of columns in “unbraced” or
“sway” frames would be classified as “slender”
following ACI Code Procedure.
 Effective Length
The effective length - Klu
lu - It measures the clear distance between floors.
K - a factor, which represents the ratio of the distance
between points of zero moments in the columns
 K Factor

  EI / l of columns
u

 EI / l of beams
u

A andB are the top and bottom factors of the

column. For a hinged end  is infinite or 10 and
for a fixed end  is zero or 1
 K Factor
The general assumptions are
- Structure consists of symmetric rectangular frames
- The girder moment at a joint is distributed to columns
according to their relative stiffness
- All columns reach their critical loads at the same time
 General Formulation
Modulus of Elasticity
Ec  33w 1.5
fc

 57000 f c
Reinforced Moment (ACI 10.11.1)
I  0.35I g for a beam
I  0.70 I g for a column
 General Formulation
Area
A  Ag
Moment of inertia shall be divided by (1 + d)
with sustain lateral loads

Max. factored sustain lateral load

d =
Max. factored axial load
 K Factor
Use the  values to
obtain the K factors
for the columns.
 “Long” Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

Lateral deflection -
increases moment

M = P*( e + )
 “Long” Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

OA - curve for end moment

OB - curve for maximum
column moment @ mid-height)

Axial capacity is reduced from A

to B due to increase in maximum
moment due to ’s (slenderness
effects)
 “Long” Columns
From ACI Sec. 12.10.2 , the slenderness effects may
be neglected if
kLu M 
 34  12 1 
 
r  M2 
slenderness ratio

k = effective length factor (function of end restraints)

Non-sway frames 0.5  k  1.0
Sway frames 1.0  k  
“Long” Column - Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns

(a) Pinned-Pinned
Connection
(b) Fixed-Fixed
Connection
“Long” Column - Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns

(c) Fixed-Pinned
Connection
(d) Partial restrained
Connection
“Long” Column - Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
“Long” Column - Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
 “Long” Column
lu = Unsupported height of column from top of
floor to bottom of beams or slab in floor

I
r = Radius of gyration 
A
= 0.3* overall depth of rectangular columns =
0.25* overall depth of circular columns
 “Long” Column
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends, where
M2 > M1 (-1 to 1  range)

M1 M1
0 0
M2 M2

singular curvature double curvature

 “Long” Columns
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends
where M2 > M1 (-1.0 to 1.0 range)
- single curvature
- double curvature
M1 
 0 .5 
M2  is typically conservative

 (non-sway frames)
and k  1.0
Note Code (10.12.2) M1/M2  -0.5 non-sway frames
 “Long” Column
From MacGregor
M1 
 0.5
M2  is typically conservative  non - sway frames
and k  1.0
M1
Note: Code 10.12.2  0.5 (non-sway frames)
M2
klu
Possible range of = 22 to 40
r
 Design of Short Columns

Design a short square tied column to carry a

design load of Pu of 640 kips and a design
moment of 330 kip-ft. Place the reinforcing
uniformly in the four faces. Design the ties.
Use a 1.5 in. cover with an unsupported length
is 11 ft. and fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60 ksi.
 Problem Steps
• Determine eccentricity. • Select steel sizes.
• Estimate column size • Design ties by ACI code
required base on axial load. • Design sketch
• Determine e/h and required
Pn/Ag
• Determine which chart to
use.
Design Summary