Ch-2: Vapor Compression Cycle COP

Ch-2: Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Books:
 Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning by Wilbert F. Stoecker / Jerold W. Jones
 PRINCIPLES of REFRIGERATION by ROY J. DOSSAT.
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 1

Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
The Carnot Cycle

 Ideal thermodynamically Reversible Cycle, first investigated by Sadi Carnot in 1824
 A measure of the Maximum Possible Conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy
Heat from high 2 3
temperature source T2=T3
Temperature
2 3
T1=T4 4
1
Work Turbine Work

Compressor SA SB
Entropy
1 4 Process 1-2: Adiabatic Compression

Cool Liquid Process 2-3: isothermal addition of heat
Heat rejected to low
temperature sink Process 3-4: adiabatic expansion
Process 4-1: isothermal rejection of heat
The Carnot Cycle
 Heat supplied during Isothermal Expansion (2-3) T2=T3

2 3
Temperature
= T2 (SB - SA)
 Heat rejected during Isothermal Compression T1=T4 4
1
(4-1) = T1 (SB – SA)
SB
 Work Done = Heat supplied – Heat rejected
SA
Entropy
= T2 (SB – SA) – T1 (SB – SA) Process 1-2: adiabatic compression

Process 2-3: isothermal addition of heat
= (SB – SA)(T2 – T1) Process 3-4: adiabatic expansion
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 ሺ𝑺𝑩 − 𝑺𝑨 ሻሺ𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 ሻ 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝜼= = = Process 4-1: isothermal rejection of heat
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑻𝟐 ሺ𝑺𝑩 − 𝑺𝑨 ሻ 𝑻𝟐
𝑻𝟏
𝜼=𝟏−
𝑻𝟐 Efficiency increases as T2 is increased and T1 is decreased
⇒ Heat should be taken in, at as high temperature as possible and rejected at as low a temperature as possible

Reversed Carnot Cycle (i.e. Carnot Cycle for Refrigeration Cycle)
 A measure of the maximum performance to be obtained from a Refrigerating Machine
Heat to high
temperature source
3 2
3 2
Temperature
Net Work
4 1
Compressor
Work Turbine
Entropy
4 1
Cool Liquid 1-2: Adiabatic compression
Heat from low 2-3: Isothermal heat rejection
temperature sink 3-4: Adiabatic expansion
4-1: Isothermal addition of heat or
isothermal expansion
Reversed Carnot Cycle (i.e. Carnot Cycle for Refrigeration Cycle)
 Heat absorbed from the low temperature source in process 4-

1 is the Refrigeration Step 3 2
Temperature
Net Work
 Carnot Cycle:
o A standard of comparison, 4 1
o A convenient guide to the temperatures that should
be maintained to achieve maximum effectiveness
Entropy
1-2: Adiabatic compression

2-3: Isothermal heat rejection
3-4: Adiabatic expansion

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

 Ratio of out put to input would be misleading for
a refrigeration system as the o/p in process 2-3 is 3 2
Temperature
usually wasted
Net Work
𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 4 1

𝑪𝑶𝑷 =
𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆
Entropy
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆

=
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓
𝑼𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 3-4: Adiabatic expansion

=
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 4-1: Isothermal addition of heat or

Conditions for Highest Coefficient of Performance
 Useful Refrigeration is the heat transferred in process 4-1, or the area

beneath the line 4-1
 Area underline 2-3 represents the Heat Rejected from the cycle 3 2
 Area enclosed in rectangle 1-2-3-4 represents the Net Work
Temperature
Net Work
4 1
 Work done = (T2 – T1) (S1 – S4) = Area of rectangle
Refrigeration
𝑻𝟏 ሺ𝑺𝟏 − 𝑺𝟒ሻ 𝑻𝟏
𝑪𝑶𝑷 = =
ሺ𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏ሻሺ𝑺𝟏 − 𝑺𝟒ሻ ሺ𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏ሻ Entropy (S)
KJ / Kg.K

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

3 2
 A high COP indicates that a only a small amount of work is
Temperature
utilized to achieve a given refrigeration effect. Net Work
 COP of the Reversed Carnot Cycle is entirely a function of the 4 1

temperature limits and can vary from zero to infinity
Refrigeration
 To obtain maximum possible COP
o Cold body temperature T should be as high as possible

1
Entropy (S)
KJ / Kg.K
o Hot body temperature T should be as low as possible

2
3-4: Adiabatic expansion

Temperature Limitations
 All refrigeration works against certain temperature limitations
o Cold room to be maintained at -20 C or 253 K

o
T Δt
o Reject heat to the atmosphere at 30 C or 303 K
o
3 2
30 C = 303 K
o Atmosphere
 During Heat Rejection Process, refrigerant temperature

must be higher than 303 K -20 oC = 253 K Cold Room
4 1
Δt
 During the Refrigeration Process, refrigerant
temperature must be lower than 253 K
S
Q. Do we have the control over the temperature?

Temperature Limitations
 we can keep the ΔT as small as possible T Δt

2
 Reduction of ΔT can be accomplished by increasing A or U in the heat
3
Atmosphere
exchange equation:
Cold Room
4 1
Q = U A ΔT Δt
S
 To decrease ΔT to zero, either U or A would have to be
infinite
 Infinite values of U and A would also require an infinite cost

Carnot Heat Pump
Refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at a low temperature
Heat Pump rejects heat at a high temperature

Carnot Heat Pump
 Performance Factor T
3 2
𝑻𝟐 ሺ𝑺𝟏 − 𝑺𝟒ሻ 𝑻𝟐 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅
= = = Net
ሺ𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 ሻሺ𝑺𝟏 − 𝑺𝟒 ሻ ሺ𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 ሻ 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 Work
4 Heat
1
Rejected
 COP of Refrigeration Cycle with the same temperatures would be:

T1 / (T2 - T1)
S
𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
= = − +𝟏
ሺ𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 ሻ ሺ𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 ሻ 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
Performance
Factor 𝑻𝟏
= + 𝟏 = 𝑪𝑶𝑷 + 𝟏
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏

Example
Carnot refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at 270 K and rejects heat at 300 K.
(a) Calculate the coefficient of performance of this refrigeration cycle.

(b) If the Carnot heat pump operates between the same temperatures as the above refrigeration cycle,
what is the performance factor.

Example 2. An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerating unit which maintains the
refrigerated space at - 5 °C while operating in a room where temperature is 26°C and has a
COP = 8.4.
Find out whether his claim is correct or not.
Solution:
Te = 273 - 5 = 268 K; Tc = 273 + 26 = 299 K; COP = 8.4.

The COP of the refrigerating unit will be maximum when it is working on reverse Carnot
cycle.
Therefore
Max Possible COP = Te = 268 = 8.64
Tc – T e 299 – 268
Since the COP claimed by the inventor is less than the maximum possible COP, hence the
claim of the inventor is correct.
SEC D 20 FEB
Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 14

Carnot Refrigeration Cycle for Vapor/gas as Refrigerant
 If gas such as air is used as the refrigerant, cycle would differ from the familiar rectangle of
the Carnot cycle.
Process 2-3 and 4-1 are constant pressure cooling and heating processes, respectively. x
2
 Cycle differs from the Carnot cycle by the addition of areas
T
3 Atmosphere
x and y
 Effect of area x is to increase the work required, which
decreases the COP
Cold Room
1
 Effect of area y is to increase the work required and in 4 y
addition reduce the amount of refrigeration
S
 Both these effects of areas x and y reduce the COP

Revision of the Carnot Cycle

Wet Compression versus Dry Compression
T
 The Compression process 1-2 is called Wet Compression 3 2 Atmosphere
Cold Room
 With a reciprocating compressor, the wet compressor is not 4 1
Saturated
suitable Vapor
Saturated
Liquid
o liquid refrigerant may be trapped in the head of the cylinder by
the rising piston and may damage the compression valves and S
the cylinder itself
o Another possible danger of wet compression is that the droplets of liquid may wash the
lubricating oil from the valve of the cylinder thus increasing wear


Wet Compression versus Dry Compression – contd. --
2
 If the refrigerant entering the compressor is saturated vapor as T Super Heated
point 1, the compression from point 1-2 is called Dry 3
Horn
Compression
 Compression of a dry vapor results in a temperature at point 2

which is higher than the condensing temperature. 4 1
 Area of that part of the cycle which is above the condensing

temperature is called the Super Heated Horn
S
 Super Heated Horn represents additional work required by dry compression

Vapor Compression cycle

Expansion Process
 Carnot cycle demands that the expansion 3-4 takes place Isentropically and that the resulting work
be used to help drive the compressor
 Expansion Engine is not found suitable

2
T
o Work derived from the expansion engine is a small fraction of 3
that to be supplied to the compressor
o Difficulties
such as lubrication intrude when a fluid of two
phases drives the engine 1
4


Expansion Process
2
T
 Throttling Device such as a valve or other restrictions is
almost universally used for this purpose 3
 No change in Potential and Kinetic Energy and with no transfer

of heat, → constant enthalpy process i.e. h3 = h4 i.e. process is 1
4
Isenthalpic
 Constant enthalpy throttling process is Irreversible and during the
process Entropy increases
S
o Friction is one of the biggest reasons for any process to be Irreversible

Simple/Standard Vapor Compression System
1- Evaporator
 to produce a heat transfer surface through which 8
heat can pass from the refrigerant space into the
vaporizing refrigerant
7
2- Suction Line
1
 carries the low pressure vapor from the
evaporator to the suction inlet of the compressor 2 4
5
3- Compressor
6
 To draw refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and then it 3
rises its temperature and pressure to such a point so
that it may be easily condensed with normally available
condensing media


4- Discharge Line or Hot Gas Line
 delivers the high temperature, high pressure vapor 8

from the discharge of the compressor to the
condenser
5- Condenser 7
1
 To provide a heat transfer surface through which
heat passes from the hot refrigerant vapor to the
condensing medium, which is either air or water 2 4
5
6
3


6- Receiver Tank
 Reservoir which stores the liquid refrigerant coming from 8
the condenser and supplies it to the evaporator according
to the requirement
7- Liquid Line 7
 carries the liquid refrigerant from the receiver tank to the 1
refrigerant flow control valve
8- Refrigerant Flow Control or 2 4

Expansion Valve
5
 to supply a proper amount of refrigerant to the evaporator
6
after reducing its pressure considerably so that the
refrigerant may take sufficient amount of heat from the
3
refrigerant space during evaporation

Introduction to PH-Charts
 The properties of the refrigerants can be listed in tables or they can be shown on a graph
 Most useful and commonly used in refrigeration work is called the Pressure Enthalpy (P-h) or Mollier
Diagram
 Condition of the refrigerant in any thermodynamic state

can be represented as a point in the P-h chart that
represents the condition of the refrigerant in any one P 1 2 3
particular thermodynamic state
Saturated
Liquid Curve
 Once the state point has been located on the chart, other
properties of the refrigerant for that state can be
Saturated
determined directly from the chart Vapor Curve

Introduction to PH-Charts
Property Lines on the Pressure – Enthalpy Diagram
Saturated Liquid
Curve
P Iso-Enthalpy Saturated Vapor Curve

Line
Iso-Entropy Line
Iso-Pressure
Line
Iso-Specific
Iso-Thermal
Volume Line
Line
Iso-Quality Line

Vapor Compression Cycle
Simple Standard Vapor Compression Cycle

 A Theoretical Cycle with following assumptions:
o Refrigerant vapor leaves the evaporator and

enters compressor as saturated vapor at Te
and Pe
o Liquid leaves the condenser and enters

expansion valve as saturated liquid Tc and Pc
o Actual refrigeration cycle will deviate from

standard one

Performance of Standard Vapor Compression Cycle

3 Condenser 2
P
(kPa) Condensation
3 2
Expansion
Expansion Compressor
Valve
4 Evaporation
4 1
Evaporator
1
h, kJ/kg
 With the help of ph-diagram, significant quantities of the Vapor Compression Cycle can be determined:
o Work of compression o COP
o Heat rejection rate o Volume flow rate per KW of refrigeration
o Refrigeration effect

Work of Compression
 Change in enthalpy in process 1-2 P

(kPa)
KJ/kg 3 Condensation
W = ( h1 - h2 ) 2
Expansion
 Knowledge of the work of compression is important
 → this term may be one of the largest operating costs
of the system Evaporation
4
1
Heat Rejection
h, kJ/kg
 Change in enthalpy in process 2-3, → ( h3 - h2 ) → KJ/kg

 This Heat Rejection Value is used in sizing the condenser and calculating
the required flow quantities of the condenser cooling fluid


Refrigerating Effect
 Change in enthalpy in process 4-1
P
( h1 – h4 ) → KJ/kg (kPa) 3 Condensation
2
 Knowledge of the magnitude of this term is necessary
Expansion
because performing this process is the ultimate
purpose of the entire system
Evaporation
COP 4 1
𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟒
𝑪𝑶𝑷=
𝒉𝟐 −𝒉𝟏
h, kJ/kg
 Volume Flow Rate is rough indication of the physical size of the compressor
→ Greater the value of the term, greater must be the displacement of the
compressor in m3/sec
 Volume flow rate per kW is usually expressed in cubic meter per second per kW
(m3/sec.kW).

Example
A standard vapor-compression cycle developing 50 Kw of refrigeration using Refrigerant 22 operates with

a condensing temperature of 35 OC and an evaporating temperature of -10 OC. Calculate :
(a) the refrigerating effect in Kj/kg,
(b) the circulation rate of refrigerant in kg/s,
(c) the power required by the compressor in kW,
(d) the COP,
(e) the volume flow rate measured at the compressor suction,
(f) the power per kW of refrigeration


PH-Diagram of superheated R-22 Vapor

PH-Diagram of superheated R-22 Vapor

Heat Exchangers
3 Condenser 2
1
Compressor
Heat
Exchanger
P Sub Cooling
4
5 4 3 Condensation
Evaporator 2
6
Expansion
 Heat exchanger sub cools the liquid from the Evaporation
condenser with suction vapor coming from the
5 5/ 6 1
evaporator
Super Heating
h3 - h4= h1 – h6 h

Heat Exchangers
 System using the heat exchanger may seem to have obvious advantages because of the increased
refrigeration effect
 Both Refrigeration Capacity and COP to be improved

P Sub Cooling
This is not necessarily true
4 3 Condensation
2
Expansion
 Compression is pushed further out into the super heat
region, where work of compression in KJ/kg is greater
than, it is closed to the saturated vapor line
Evaporation
5 5/ 6 1
 Heat Exchanger is justified, where the vapor entering the
Super Heating
compressor must be super heated to ensure that no
liquid enters the compressor h
 Heat Exchanger subcools the liquid from the condenser to prevent bubbles of
vapor from impeding the flow of refrigerant through the expansion valve
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle

 Difference b/w actual and Standard cycle can be shown by superimposing the actual cycle on the Ph-
diagram of the standard cycle
 Essential Differences between the actual and

the standard cycle appear: P Sub Cooling Pressure Drop Actual Cycle
2
3
o In the pressure drops in the condenser and Standard Cycle

evaporator
o In the sub cooling of the liquid leaving the

condenser 4
1
o in the superheating of the vapor leaving the Pressure Drop Super Heating
evaporator
h

Example
In the vapor compression cycle, Refrigerant R22 is compressed isentropically from saturated vapor at 0
C to a condenser pressure corresponding to 35 oC.
o
Determine
a) Work of compression in Kj/kg
b) Refrigerating effect
c) Refrigerant temperature at outlet of compressor

=h1
S1=sg1
Total Marks= 10
Assignment 1 Passing Marks= 05
Write a detailed note on Expansion devices used in Refrigeration system. (CLO1-PLO1-C2)
Instructions:-
1. Due date:- Your next one hour class
2. Submission policy:- All assignments are to submitted by CR on respective due date before start of class.
Assignments submitted after due date will yield no credit points.

Expansion Devices
 The purpose of the Expansion Device is Twofold:
o to maintain a pressure differential between the high P
and low pressure sides of the system in order to (kPa)
3 Condensation
permit the refrigerant to vaporize under the desired 2
low pressure in the evaporator while at the same time
Expansion
condensing at a high pressure in the condenser
o to meter the liquid refrigerant from the liquid line into Evaporation
4
the evaporator at a rate commensurate with the rate at 1
which vaporization of the liquid is occurring in the
latter unit
h, kJ/kg

Expansion Devices
Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TEV)
 Most versatile and most commonly used expansion valve in
refrigeration systems
 It maintains a constant degree of superheat at the exit of
evaporator
 It does not allow the liquid refrigerant to enter the
compressor

Expansion Devices
Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TEV) – contd --
 A Feeler Bulb that is attached to the evaporator exit tube
so that it senses the temperature at the exit of evaporator
 The feeler bulb is connected to the top of the Bellows by a

Capillary Tube
 Feeler Bulb and the narrow tube contain some fluid that
is called Power Fluid
 The pressure of the power fluid Pp is the saturation

pressure corresponding to the temperature at the
evaporator exit

Expansion Devices
 If the evaporator temperature is Te and the corresponding

saturation evaporator pressure is Pe
Purpose of TEV is to maintain a temperature Te +ΔTs at

the evaporator exit, where ΔTs is the degree of superheat
required from the TEV
Power Fluid senses this temperature T e + ΔTs by the feeler

bulb and its pressure Pp is the saturation pressure at this
temperature
 Force Fp exerted on top of bellows of area A due to this
pressure is given by:
 Evaporator Pressure is exerted below the bellows:

Expansion Devices
 Difference of the two forces F p and Fe is exerted on top of the needle stand
 There is an adjustment spring below the needle stand that
exerts an upward spring force Fs on the needle stand
 In steady state there will be a force balance on the needle stand
 Once F is fixed ⇒ Pp - Pe = Constant and fixed = Tp - Te =

s
∆Ts = Degree of Superheat
⇒ (F p– Fe) α ∆Ts OR
Fs α ∆Ts
 Degree of super heat can be adjusted by adjusting

the spring force Fs
Expansion Devices
Example
 Refrigerant, Power Fluid : R-12

 Evaporator Temp., T : 4 C
e
o
 Evaporator Pressure, P : 250 kPa

e
 Pressure due to Spring, P : 60 kPa

s
 What is the degree of superheat : ?

 At Steady state, downward pressure P p is : Pe + Ps = 250 +
60 = 310 kPa
 Saturation Temperature, corresponding to 310 kPa = 9 o
C
 ⇒ Degree of Superheat = ∆T s = Ts – Te = 5 oC
Expansion Devices
Effect of Load Variation
 If Load on the Plant Increases, the evaporation rate of

liquid refrigerant increases ⇒ the area available for
superheating the vapor increases
 As the degree of superheat increases, pressure of power
fluid Pp increases, the needle stand is pushed down and
the mass flow rate of refrigerant increases
 Both, evaporation rate of refrigerant and the mass flow
rate supplied through the expansion valve are
proportional to the load
 If coil’s Load Drops, the degree of superheat of the vapor

refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator becomes smaller
 resulting in a narrower valve opening

Refrigerant Flow Controls

Automatic Expansion Valves
 The valve consists mainly of:
o a needle and seat
o a pressure bellows or diaphragm Ps
o a spring  It’s tension is variable by means of
an adjusting screw
 It functions to maintain a constant pressure in the

evaporator by flooding more or less of the evaporator Pe
surface in response to changes in the evaporator load
 Evaporator Pressure Pe exerted on one side of the

bellows or diaphragm, acts to move the valve in a
closing direction
o whereas the spring pressure P , acting on the opposite side of the bellows or diaphragm, acts to move the
s
valve in an opening direction

Automatic Expansion Valves – contd --
 E.g., Tension of the spring is adjusted to maintain a

constant pressure in the evaporator (Pe) of 10 psig Ps
any time the Pe tends to fall below 10 psig, the spring

pressure will exceed the Pe causing the valve to move in
the opening direction Pe
 thereby increasing the flow of liquid to the evaporator

and flooding more of the evaporator surface
 As more of the evaporator surface becomes effective, the rate of vaporization increases and
the Pe rises until equilibrium is established with the Ps


As Pe tend to rise above the 10 psig, it will immediately

override the Ps and cause the valve to move in the
Ps
closing direction
 thereby throttling the flow of liquid into the

evaporator and reducing the amount of effective
evaporator surface Pe
 Naturally, this decreases the rate of vaporization and

lowers the Pe until equilibrium is again established
with the Ps


 valve will close off tightly when the Compressor Cycles Off
and remain closed until the compressor cycles on again Ps
 vaporization continues in the evaporator for a short time

after the Compressor Cycles Off and
 since the resulting vapor is not removed by the Pe
compressor
 Pressure in the evaporator (Pe) rises
 during the off cycle, the evaporator pressure (Pe) will
always exceed the spring pressure (Ps) and the valve will
be tightly closed
 When the Compressor Cycles On
the evaporator pressure (Pe) will be immediately reduced
below the spring pressure (Ps),
the valve will open and admit sufficient liquid to the
evaporator to establish operating equilibrium between the
evaporator and spring pressures Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 53
Automatic Expansion Valves – contd -- Ps

Effect of Load Variation
 it is evident that maintaining a constant pressure in the
Pe
evaporator (Pe) requires that the rate of vaporization in the
evaporator be kept constant
 As the load on the evaporator decreases and the heat transfer
capacity per unit of evaporator surface is reduced, more and more
of the evaporator surface must be flooded with liquid if a constant
rate of vaporization is to be maintained
If load is permitted to fall below a certain level, there is a
possibility of overfeeding of the evaporator to the extent that
the liquid may enter into the suction line
in a properly designed system, overfeeding is not likely to
occur, since the thermostat will usually cycle the compressor
off before the space temperature is reduced to a level such that
the load on the evaporator will fall below the Critical Point
Automatic Expansion Valves – contd -- Ps
Effect of Load Variation – contd --

 When the load on the system is heavy, the valve permits only a
small portion of the liquid to maintain a constant pressure and Pe
evaporation rate
 This results in considerable loss in compressor capacity and
efficiency
Application
 Automatic Expansion Valve is best applied only to small equipment

having relatively constant loads, such as domestic refrigerators
and freezers, milk chilling units and water coolers.
 Normally the usage is limited to systems of less than 10 TR
capacities with critical charge

Ch-2: Vapor Compression Cycle COP

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Ch-2: Vapor Compression Cycle COP

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Ch-2: Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 1

The Carnot Cycle

Work Turbine Work

1 4 Process 1-2: Adiabatic Compression

The Carnot Cycle

 Heat supplied during Isothermal Expansion (2-3) T2=T3

= T2 (SB – SA) – T1 (SB – SA) Process 1-2: adiabatic compression

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 3

Reversed Carnot Cycle (i.e. Carnot Cycle for Refrigeration Cycle)

 A measure of the maximum performance to be obtained from a Refrigerating Machine

Reversed Carnot Cycle (i.e. Carnot Cycle for Refrigeration Cycle)

 Heat absorbed from the low temperature source in process 4-

1-2: Adiabatic compression

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 5

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 4 1

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆

𝑼𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 3-4: Adiabatic expansion

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 6

Conditions for Highest Coefficient of Performance

 Useful Refrigeration is the heat transferred in process 4-1, or the area

 Area enclosed in rectangle 1-2-3-4 represents the Net Work

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 7

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

 COP of the Reversed Carnot Cycle is entirely a function of the 4 1

o Cold body temperature T should be as high as possible

o Hot body temperature T should be as low as possible

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 8

 All refrigeration works against certain temperature limitations

o Cold room to be maintained at -20 C or 253 K

 During Heat Rejection Process, refrigerant temperature

Q. Do we have the control over the temperature?

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 9

 we can keep the ΔT as small as possible T Δt

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 10

Carnot Heat Pump

Refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at a low temperature

Heat Pump rejects heat at a high temperature

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 11

Carnot Heat Pump

 COP of Refrigeration Cycle with the same temperatures would be:

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 12

(a) Calculate the coefficient of performance of this refrigeration cycle.

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 13

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC Univ. 14

Carnot Refrigeration Cycle for Vapor/gas as Refrigerant

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 15

Revision of the Carnot Cycle

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 16

Revision of the Carnot Cycle

 Compression of a dry vapor results in a temperature at point 2

 Area of that part of the cycle which is above the condensing

 Super Heated Horn represents additional work required by dry compression

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 17

Revision of the Carnot Cycle

 Expansion Engine is not found suitable

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 18

Revision of the Carnot Cycle

 No change in Potential and Kinetic Energy and with no transfer

Mechanical Engineering Dept. HITEC 19

Simple/Standard Vapor Compression System